Is fluoridation a fraud?

During the past 15 years tooth decay rates have declined markedly amongst children in many parts of the industrialised world. Over the same period, however, decay rates have increased dramatically in children in developing countries. For many years it has been claimed that water fluoridation is the most important and cost-effective method for controlling dental caries. A series of recent papers in the scientific literature have challenged the 'fluoridation hypothesis', since the decline in decay reported in the developed countries has occurred in both fluoridated and unfluoridated areas. In some countries of the developing world, tooth decay is now reaching crisis proportions, hence it is important to know whether fluoridation really can "reduce tooth decay by about 60 per cent", or if the dental profession has been promoting a 'flawed' hypothesis for more than 40 years.     

Aspects of modeling the frequency response of a two-port waveguide-coupled SAW resonator-filter

Coupling-of-modes-in-time and coupling-of-modes-in-space analyses are applied to the modeling of a two-port two-pole waveguide-coupled SAW resonator filter. Modeling is applied to a lumped equivalent circuit and a distributed circuit. While the accuracy of the coupling estimation dictates the exact mode-splitting and bandwidth, the ensuing computations can give a good representation of the amplitude and phase response, including the effect of degenerate transverse modes.     

Environmental Control Symposium

MAN is but a part of the universe; his capabilities make him a significant link, in the cycle of life. To ensure this life, man must live in harmony with his environment. Recently, a disharmony has been discovered which could have grave effects upon the existence of man. It appears that man in his great thrust forward is destroying his own environment. The gravity of this threat to man's own existence carries some intrinsic problems of its own: man must allow his reason rather than his emotion to take command.     

A Multi-Channel Pulse-Coded Multiplexing and Demodulating Telemetry System

A multiplexing, demodulating, and recording telemetry system designed to process multiple pulse-coded temperature channels is described. The system provides complete control of recording and multiplexing sequences and timing, and gives a single analog signal in response to each sample of pulse-coded data. It identifies all channels and indicates to a computer when a new data sample is to be processed. The system is self-calibrating to maintain accuracy over extended data collection periods, and is inexpensive.     

Antennal olfactory responsiveness of three sympatricIps species [Ips avulsus (Eichhoff),Ips calligraphus (Germar),Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff)], to intra- and interspecific behavioral chemicals

Electroantennograms (EAGs) from male and femaleIps avulsus, I. calligraphus, andI. grandicollis to their pheromones and selected host odorants or kairomones verified the presence of antennal olfactory receptors in both sexes of each species capable of detecting ipsdienol, ipsenol,cis- andtrans-verbenol,endo-brevicomin -pinene, frontalin, and verbenone. Each species possesses receptors with lower thresholds and in greater abundance for the compounds they produce and to which they are behaviorally most responsive. Detection of bothIps andDendroctonus pheromones by the three cohabiting species provides a sensory basis for olfactory interactions among the species. Differences in both threshold and saturation levels for EAGs for the various behavioral chemicals could denote differences in specific behavioral roles for each compound.Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Paper Number TA-22463. This research was supported in part by McIntire-Stennis Project 1525, USDA-CR grants 85-CRCR-1-1856 and 86-CRCR-2019 and NATO Collaborative Research Grant 86-0710. The findings, opinions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. All programs and information of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station are available without regard to race, ethnic origin, religion, sex, or age.Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

Temperature effects on separate values of adsorption and surface reaction rates by dynamic studies

The study of a three-phase catalytic slurry reactor for SO₂ oxidation on activated carbon has been conducted with a dynamic response technique. The analysis of zero and first temporal moments of the gas for temperatures between 10 and 26°C provides individual measurements of the adsorption, desorption and surface reaction rate constants and their energies of activation. A parallel first-moment analysis was carried out for O₂ adsorption onto carbon to obtain the necessary equilibrium constants for temperatures used in the SO₂-oxidation calculations. With second moment analysis of adsorption data, we find the adsorption kinetic constants with and without reaction are in quantitative agreement. By evaluating the separate temperatu effect on the adsorption/desorption, and surface reaction rates, we conclude that neither step is controlling at temperatures up to 26°C. The values the several kinetic and equilibrium constants agree well with those found by other authors.     

Crystal Structure of Hydrogenated Canola Oil

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society - Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the crystal structure of hydrogenated Canola oil. Fixation of the samples was carried out at 10 C...     

Long chain alkanesulfonates and 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonates: Structure and property relations

Even chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the Strecker reaction, odd chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the alkaline decarboxylation of α-sulfo acids, and sodium 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonates from the reduction of esters of α-sulfo acids were compared with respect to Krafft point, critical micelle concentration, detergency and foam height. Sodium alkanesulfonates and crude fusion products from the α-sulfo acids (mixtures of alkanesulfonates of one less carbon atom with a lesser amount of a soap of two less carbon atoms) are more soluble and have better detergent and foaming properties. Sodium 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonates resemble monosodium salts of α-sulfo acids. Alkanesulfonic acids and 1-hydroxy-2-alkane-sulfonic acids obtained from the sodium salts by ion exchange have lower Krafft points and are more readily soluble. The critical micelle concentrations of 1-hydroxy-2-alkanesulfonic acids and α-sulfo acids are nearly the same and about equal to those of alkanesulfonic acids of one less carbon atom. Presented at the AOCS meeting in Toronto, Canada, 1962. A laboratory of the E. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, U.S.D.A.