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51.
Gwladys Perrais Sophie Derelle Laurent Mollard Jean-Paul Chamonal Gerard Destefanis Gilbert Vincent Sylvie Bernhardt Johan Rothman 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2009,38(8):1790-1799
The impulse response in frontside-illuminated mid-wave infrared HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiodes (APDs) has been measured
with localized photoexcitation at varying positions in the depletion layer. Gain measurements have shown an exponential gain,
with a maximum value of M = 5000 for the diffusion current at a reverse bias of V
b = 12 V. When the light was injected in the depletion layer, the gain was reduced as the injection approached the N+ edge
of the junction. The impulse response was limited by the diode series resistance–capacitance product, RC, due to the large capacitance of the diode metallization. Hence, the fall time is given by the RC constant, estimated as RC = 270 ps, and the rise time is due to the charging of the diode capacitance via the transit and multiplication of carriers
in the depletion layer. The latter varies between t
10–90 = 20 ps (at intermediate gains M < 500) and t
10–90 = 70 ps (at M = 3500). The corresponding RC-limited bandwidth is BW = 600 MHz, which yields a new absolute record in gain–bandwidth product of GBW = 2.1 THz. The increase
in rise time at high gains indicates the existence of a limit in the transit-time-limited gain–bandwidth product, GBW = 19 THz.
The impulse response was modeled using a one-dimensional deterministic model, which allowed a quantitative analysis of the
data in terms of the average velocity of electrons and holes. The fitting of the data yielded a saturation of the electron
and hole velocity of v
e = 2.3 × 107 cm/s and v
h = 1.0 × 107 cm/s at electric fields E > 1.5 kV/cm. The increase in rise time at high bias is consistent with the results of Monte Carlo simulations and can be
partly explained by a reduction of the electron saturation velocity due to frequent impact ionization. Finally, the model
was used to predict the bandwidth in diodes with shorter RC = 5 ps, giving BW = 16 GHz and BW = 21 GHz for x
j = 4 μm and x
j = 2 μm, respectively, for a gain of M = 100. 相似文献
52.
53.
Jérôme Dejeu Abdeslam Et Taouil Patrick Rougeot Sophie Lakard Fabrice Lallemand Boris Lakard 《Synthetic Metals》2010,160(23-24):2540-2545
This paper presents electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films under high frequency sonication. The films are characterized in terms of adhesion and surface morphology. Comparison to classical electrosynthesized polypyrrole films is made. In particular, the use of high frequency sonication (500 kHz) during electrodeposition of polypyrrole on Si was reported for the first time. Chronocoulometry was used for polymer films electrosynthesis on Si substrates. Influence of polymer thickness on the rugosity, morphology and adhesion force properties was studied. Scanning Electron Microscopy and mechanical probe profiling showed that sonication led to less rough and more homogeneous surface structure. Adhesion force properties of polypyrrole films were also studied by means of force–distance curves obtained by atomic force microscopy. For polymer films obtained in the absence of sonication, adhesion forces decreases with increase in polymer thickness. On the contrary, for polymer films obtained under sonication, the adhesion of the films decreased when the polymer thickness decreased. 相似文献
54.
Ouardia Zamoume Sophie Thibault Gwenaël Regnié Med Omar Mecherri Marina Fiallo Patrick Sharrock 《Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications》2011,31(7):1352-1356
Limited blood circulation to the skeletal tissue is a major cause of reduced therapeutic effects seen with drugs administered by conventional systemic ways. To resolve this issue and obtain a sufficiently high local concentration to induce therapeutic effects, several implanted drug delivery systems have been developed for hard tissues using biomaterials.We have designed a drug delivery device based on hydroxylapatite (HA) and tested it in vitro using metronidazol and chloramphenicol as model compounds. Porous HA ceramics were prepared with two different shapes (cylindrical and spherical). Known amounts of drugs were introduced inside a drilled hole and sealed with wax. The ceramics were then suspended in stirred distilled water in closed polypropylene vials. Drug release was observed during several weeks.A mathematical model used to describe drug release from HA was elaborated based on the expressions of Fick's laws. The experimental kinetic results could be related to ceramic constitution and to drug localization. 相似文献
55.
In this work we extend previous results on moment-based characterization and minimal representation of stationary Markovian arrival processes (MAPs) and rational arrival processes (RAPs) to transient Markovian arrival processes (TMAPs) and Markovian binary trees (MBTs). 相似文献
56.
Wenceslao T. Medina Sophie Laurent Enrique Brandan José M. Aguilera 《Journal of food science》2010,75(3):E194-E200
ABSTRACT: Surface liquid adhesion (SLA) and liquid absorption (LA) of tritiated liquids, including water and skim, low-fat, whole, and fat-enriched milks, by cornflakes (CF) and frosted flakes (FF) were determined by scintillation counting using water-[3H] at 0.5 μCi/mL. SLA or the liquid adhering to individual flakes after a short immersion period was the same for CF and FF in the case of water (approximately 0.011 μL mm−2 of flake) but were always higher for CF than for FF and increased as the fat content in milks augmented. LA of individual flakes, followed for 300 s of soaking, increased with time and was always higher for CF than for FF (for the same liquid), however, data did not follow a regular pattern. Flakes showed quite compact outer surfaces and an internal porous matrix composed of air cells of various sizes separated by dense walls of different thicknesses. This heterogeneous microstructure of individual flakes may be the cause of the lack of a simple kinetics during the soaking process. Previous results obtained by soaking a mass of flakes overestimated the uptake of fluid by individual because they included the liquid occluded between the flakes. 相似文献
57.
Franois Charollais Sophie Fonquernie Christophe Perrais Marc Perez Olivier Dugne Franois Cellier Grard Harbonnier Marie-Pierre Vitali 《Nuclear Engineering and Design》2006,236(5-6):534-2004
In the framework of the French V/HTR fuel development and qualification program, the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) and AREVA are conducting R&D projects covering the mastering of UO2 coated particle and fuel compact fabrication technology. To fulfill this task, a review of past knowledge, of existing technologies and a preliminary laboratory-scale work program have been conducted with the aim of retrieving the know-how on HTR coated particle and compact manufacture:
- • The different stages of UO2 kernel fabrication GSP process have been reviewed, reproduced and improved.
- • The experimental conditions for the chemical vapor deposition of coatings have been defined on dummy kernels and development of innovative characterization methods has been carried out.
- • Former CERCA compacting process has been reviewed and updated.
- • to recover and validate past knowledge,
- • to produce representative HTR TRISO fuel meeting industrial standards,
- • to permit the optimization of reference fabrication processes for kernels and coatings defined previously at a laboratory-scale and the investigation of alternative and innovative fuel design (UCO kernel, ZrC coating),
- • to test alternative compact process options and
- • to fabricate and characterize fuel required for irradiation and qualification purpose.
59.
Francis Gohin Sophie Loyer Michel Lunven Claire Labry Jean-Marie Froidefond Daniel Delmas Martin Huret Alain Herbland 《Remote sensing of environment》2005,95(1):29-46
In biological modelling of the coastal phytoplankton dynamics, the light attenuation coefficient is often expressed as a function of the concentrations of chlorophyll and mineral suspended particulate matter (SPM). In order to estimate the relationship between these parameters over the continental shelf of the northern Bay of Biscay, a set of in situ data has been gathered for the period 1998-2003 when SeaWiFS imagery is available. These data comprise surface measurements of the concentrations of total SPM, chlorophyll, and irradiance profiles from which is derived the attenuation coefficient of the photosynthetically available radiation, KPAR. The performance of the IFREMER look-up table used to retrieve the chlorophyll concentration from the SeaWiFS radiance is evaluated on this new set of data. The quality of the estimated chlorophyll concentration is assessed from a comparison of the variograms of the in situ and satellite-derived chlorophyll concentrations. Once the chlorophyll concentration is determined, the non living SPM, which is defined as the SPM not related to the dead or alive endogenous phytoplankton, is estimated from the radiance at 555 nm by inverting a semi-analytic model. This method provides realistic estimations of concentrations of chlorophyll and SPM over the continental shelf all over the year. Finally, a relationship, based on non living SPM and chlorophyll, is proposed to estimate KPAR on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay. The same formula is applied to non living SPM and chlorophyll concentrations, observed in situ or derived from SeaWiFS radiance. 相似文献
60.
Constraint Programming (CP) offers a rich modeling language of constraints embedding efficient algorithms to handle complex and heterogeneous combinatorial problems. To solve hard combinatorial optimization problems using CP alone or hybrid CP-ILP decomposition methods, costs also have to be taken into account within the propagation process. Optimization constraints, with their cost-based filtering algorithms, aim to apply inference based on optimality rather than feasibility. This paper introduces a new optimization constraint, cost-regular. Its filtering algorithm is based on the computation of shortest and longest paths in a layered directed graph. The support information is also used to guide the search for solutions. We believe this constraint to be particularly useful in modeling and solving Column Generation subproblems and evaluate its behaviour on complex Employee Timetabling Problems through a flexible CP-based column generation approach. Computational results on generated benchmark sets and on a complex real-world instance are given.A preliminary version of this paper appeared as [7]. This research was supported by the Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems (MITACS) Internship program in association with Omega Optimisation Inc. (CA). 相似文献