Measurement of heat treatment induced residual stresses by using ESPI combined with hole-drilling method

In this study,residual stresses in heat treated specimen were measured by using ESPI(Electronic Speckle-Pattern Interferometry)combined with the hole-drilling method.The specimen,made of SUS 304austenitic stainless steel,was quenched and water cooled to room temperature.Numerical simulation using a hybrid FDM/FEM package was also carried out to simulate the heat treatment process.As a result,the thermal stress fields were obtained from both the experiment and the numerical simulation.By comparision of stress fields,results from the experimental method and numerical simulation well agreed to each other,therefore,it is proved that the presented experimental method is applicable and reliable for heat treatment induced residual stress measurement.     

Critical cooling rate on carbide precipitation during quenching of austenitic manganese steel

Critical cooling rate to avoid carbide precipitation during quenching of austenitic manganese steel was investigated by means of optical microscopy, image analyzer and numerical analysis. An efficient heat treatment analysis program including temperature-dependent material properties was developed for the prediction of cooling rate and probability of carbide precipitation during quenching by finite difference method. Time-dependent heat transfer coefficient was adopted to achieve more precise results. Area ratio of carbide precipitation was measured by image analyzer to determine the critical point of carbide precipitation. Temperature-dependent critical cooling rate at that point was calculated by the developed numerical program. Finally, the probability of carbide precipitation on the whole area of specimen can be predicted by the proposed numerical program and the numerical result of a specimen was compared with the experimental result.     

Commissioning of the first KSTAR neutral beam injection system and beam experiments

The neutral beam injection (NBI) system was designed to provide plasma heating and current drive for high performance and long pulse operation of the Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device using two co-current beam injection systems. Each neutral beam injection system was designed to inject three beams using three ion sources and each ion source has been designed to deliver more than 2.0 MW of deuterium neutral beam power for the 100-keV beam energy. Consequently, the final goal of the KSTAR NBI system aims to inject more than 12 MW of deuterium beam power with the two NBI for the long pulse operation of the KSTAR. As an initial step toward the long pulse (～300 s) KSTAR NBI system development, the first neutral beam injection system equipped with one ion source was constructed for the KSTAR 2010 campaign and successfully commissioned. During the KSTAR 2010 campaign, a MW-deuterium neutral beam was successfully injected to the KSTAR plasma with maximum beam energy of 90 keV and the L-H transition was observed with neutral beam heating. In recent 2011 campaign, the beam power of 1.5 MW is injected with the beam energy of 95 keV. With the beam injection, the ion and electron temperatures increased significantly, and increase of the toroidal rotation speed of the plasma was observed as well. This paper describes the design, construction, commissioning results of the first NBI system leading the successful heating experiments carried in the KSTAR 2010 and 2011 campaign and the trial of 300-s long pulse beam extraction.     

Resistance spot weldability of lightweight steel with a high Al content

Using alternating current (AC)- and direct current (DC)-type welders, the resistance spot weldability of lightweight steel was evaluated under various electrode forces, welding currents, and times. The acceptable welding conditions were specified; however, these had very narrow ranges and there was little difference between the conditions determined for the AC- and DC-type welding. In both types of welding with electrode forces of of 300 kg_f and 400 kg_f, the acceptable weld currents were 5.0 kA and 5.5 kA, respectively. Also, the nugget size increased with the welding current. Under the acceptable welding conditions, there were no significant changes in the maximum tensile shear strength and nugget size, as 6.4-6.6 kN and 4.1-4.3 mm, respectively. The microstructure of weld metals was consisted of martensite, austenite and ferrite. And the small fraction of martensite was founded in the heat affected zone (HAZ), therefore the weld metal had the greatest hardness, and HAZ softening did not occur in this study. Considering the fracture surface, cleavage and ductile fracture were investigated because of the existence of martensite and ferrite in the welds.     

Anti‐inflammatory Potential of Quercetin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐(“2”‐galloyl)‐glucopyranoside and Quercetin Isolated from Diospyros kaki calyx via Suppression of MAP Signaling Molecules in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Diospyros kaki (DK) contains an abundance of flavonoids and has been used in folk medicine in Korea for centuries. Here, we report for the first time the anti‐inflammatory activities of Quercetin (QCT) and Quercetin 3‐O‐β‐(“2”‐galloyl)‐glucopyranoside (Q32G) isolated from DK. We have determine the no cytotoxicity of Q32G and QCT against RAW 264.7 cells up to concentration of 50 μM. QCT and Q32G demonstrated potent anti‐inflammatory activities by reducing expression of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPKs) in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both QCT or Q32G could decrease cellular protein levels of COX‐2 and iNOS as well as secreted protein levels of NO, PGE₂, and cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6) in culture medium of LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Immunoblot analysis showed that QCT and Q32G suppressed LPS‐induced MAP kinase pathway proteins p‐p38, ERK, and JNK. This study revealed that QCT and Q32G have anti‐inflammatory potential, however Q32G possess comparable activity as that of QCT and could be use as adjuvant to treat inflammatory diseases.     

Characteristics of milk tablets supplemented with nanopowdered eggshell or oyster shell

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of milk tablets supplemented with nanopowdered eggshell (NPES) or nanopowdered oyster shell (NPOS). The particle size of NPES, NPOS, NPES with zinc (Zn‐NPES) and NPOS with activated zinc (Zn‐NPOS) ranged from 20 to 300 nm. The hardness of the milk tablets containing these calcium supplements did not differ significantly from that of the control milk tablets (P > 0.05). Regarding the sensory properties, the appearance, flavour, taste, texture and cumulative sensory score of all the test tablets were similar to those of the control tablets. In conclusion, the quality of all the test milk tablets was similar to that of the control.     

Physicochemical and sensory properties of milk fortified with iron microcapsules prepared with water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsion during storage

This study investigated the possibility of fortifying iron microcapsule powder into milk and the effects of the fortification on the physicochemical and sensory properties of the products during storage. The iron microcapsules were prepared by the water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsion technique. Fortifying the lower concentrations (0.1–0.3%, w/v) of iron microcapsules into the milk samples did not significantly change thiobarbituric acid values. The L‐values for the milk samples were not significantly influenced by fortifying iron microcapsules (0.1–0.7%, w/v). The overall acceptability scores were not affected when the lowest concentration of iron microcapsules (0.1%, w/v) was fortified into the milk.     

Automatic derivation of transition matrix for end-of-life decision making

Recently strengthened environmental regulations have obligated manufacturing companies to treat end-of-life (EOL) products both environmentally consciously and economically. EOL treatment begins with disassembling a product into recyclable or disposable sub-assemblies. Therefore, the economic value of an EOL product is largely a function of the plan for its disassembly: the means by which it is to be disassembled into smaller sub-assemblies, and the choice of sub-assemblies to be disassembled first. In order to make these decisions, a disassembly structure describing every possible sub-assembly division and its disassembly path from the original product has to be presented in a typical form. A widely used form of such a structure is a transition matrix. A transition matrix shows all feasible sub-assemblies and their disassembly hierarchy. Whereas it can be easily transformed into mathematical disassembly planning problem, the tedious work required for its generation limits its practical use. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for automatic derivation of a transition matrix. The proposed algorithm provides an efficient way to derive a transition matrix based on a product's architectural information, which includes the product's physical connections and the relative geometric locations between individual parts. The algorithm was validated in deriving a transition matrix of a car door-trim. Our algorithm can significantly expand the applicability of transition-matrix-based disassembly planning research.