A study on a driving method of OLED displays for better motion image quality with adaptive temporal aperture control

Degradation of motion image quality by motion blur on hold‐type displays, such as liquid‐crystal displays and organic light‐emitting diode displays, is a well‐known issue. To improve motion image quality, a driving method with a shorter temporal aperture has been proposed. However, a shorter temporal aperture requires higher instantaneous luminance on displays. Higher instantaneous luminance accelerates the lifetime degradation of organic light‐emitting diode. Therefore, we have been developing a driving method with adaptive temporal aperture control for a longer lifetime and better motion image quality. However, two image quality degradations were perceived when this driving method was applied. One of these degradations was caused at the boundary between the different temporal apertures. The other degradation was caused by switching the temporal aperture between frames. Hence, we have also proposed transition area and period insertion methods to suppress these degradations. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of these degradations and confirm the effectiveness of our proposed methods by subjective evaluations. In the results, the degradations were suppressed by inserting 80 lines of transition area and by inserting 50 frames of transition period.     

The Analysis of Multi-Layer Conductor-Backed Coplanar Waveguide for Moisture Sensor Application

The analysis of conductor-backed coplanar waveguide moisture sensor by using numerical method is described. The effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance and dielectric loss of this multi-layer structure are calculated at various moisture contents with respect to protective layer thickness. The analysis shows that calculated values are drastically affected by a small thickness of the protective layer. The experimental results of the attenuation of sensor at various moisture contents agree reasonably with the theoretical data based on the above analysis. The information available from this study is important for estimating of the dynamic range and optimal design of the sensor.     

An investigation into the variability of skin colour measurements

This study aimed to investigate the variability of skin colour measurements for two kinds of extensively used instruments, telespectroradiometers (TSR) and spectrophotometers. A Konica Minolta CM700d spectrophotometer and a PhotoResearch PR650 telespectroradiometer were used to measure the forehead and the cheekbone of 11 subjects. The variability was evaluated using different measurement parameters including measurement aperture size and pressure on the facial locations for the spectrophotometer, and measurement distance for the telespectroradiometer. The mean colour difference from the mean was used to define the short‐term repeatability; the CIELAB colour difference and colour appearance changes in each perceptual CIELAB attribute between each of two instrument settings were used to evaluate the inter‐instrument agreement. The results show that, for the TSR, different measurement distances have identical repeatability but the colour shifts were significant; for the spectrophotometer, the large aperture size of the target masks gave the most repeatable results and the aperture size had more influence on the colour shifts than the measurement pressure. In addition, to investigate the effect of ethnicity and body location on measurement variability, skin colours from additional 151 subjects were measured. The differences between the measurements for different body locations were, in general, larger than the instrument repeatability and the inter‐instrument agreement.     

Colour size effect modelling

The visual phenomenon known as the colour size effect was investigated and two models were developed to predict the change in colour appearance of samples with six different sizes. The models are capable of transforming the colour appearance of a stimulus having a viewing field of 2° to that associated with a range of viewing fields. They are named the size effect correction and the size effect transform and are based on human perceptual attributes and human cone responses, respectively. The performance of both models was tested using the experimental data, and the results showed that the size effect transform performed better than the size effect correction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012     

Functions of Xyloglucan in Plant Cells

While an increase in the number of xyloglucan tethers between the cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls increases the walls' rigidity, the degradation of these tethers causes the walls to loosen. Degradation can occur either through the integration of xyloglucan oligosaccharides due to the action of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase or through direct hydrolysis due to the action of xyloglucanase. This is why the addition of xyloglucan and its fragment oligosac-charides causes plant tissue tension to increase and decrease so dramatically. Experiments involving the overexpression of xyloglucanase and cellulase have revealed the roles of xyloglucans in the walls. The degradation of wall xyloglucan in poplar by the transgenic expression of xyloglucanase, for example, not only accelerated stem elongation in the primary wall, but also blocked upright-stem gravitropism in the secondary wall. Overexpression of cellulase also reduced xyloglucan content in the walls as cellulose microfibrils were trimmed at their amorphous region, resulting in increased cell volume in Arabidopsis leaves and in sengon with disturbed leaf movements. The hemicellulose xyloglucan, in its function as a tether, plays a key role in the loosening and tightening of cellulose microfibrils: it enables the cell to change its shape in growth and differentiation zones and to retain its final shape after cell maturation.     

Subgrid scale scalar variance in high‐Schmidt‐number turbulence

The subgrid scale (SGS) variance for a high‐Schmidt‐number passive scalar of Sc >> 1 is measured using a high‐resolution planar laser‐induced fluorescence technique in a grid‐generated turbulent liquid flow, and the values of the model coefficients in the scale‐similarity model and the scalar‐gradient model used for estimating the SGS scalar variance are experimentally evaluated. The results show that for both models, the measured values are much larger than the well‐known values obtained in the previous studies done for non‐high‐Sc scalars of Sc ? 1. Similarly, the measured value of the model coefficient in the scalar‐gradient model tends to be larger than the value estimated by the dynamic procedure. The increases in the measured values of the model coefficients for the high‐Sc scalar can be explained by the presence of the viscous‐convective range showing a nearly (?1)‐slope in the high‐wavenumber range of the power spectrum of concentration fluctuation. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Heat transfer to a supercritical pressure fluid flowing in sub-bundle channels

Supercritical pressure water cooled reactor (SCWR) has been regarded as an innovative nuclear reactor. For the design and development of the SCWR, heat transfer performance under supercritical pressure is one of the most important indicators. In this paper, experimental data are presented on the heat transfer to a supercritical pressure fluid flowing vertically upward and downward in a small diameter heated tube and two sub-bundle channels with three heater rods and seven heater rods, using HCFC22 as the test fluid. Downstream of grid spacer for the sub-bundles, heat transfer enhancement was observed in the upward flow, but not in the downward flow. The enhancement was remarkable especially when the heat transfer deterioration occurs in the fully developed region unaffected by the spacer. The heat transfer correlation for the downstream region of the spacer was developed in the normal heat transfer of sub-bundles. In the fully developed region for the sub-bundle, occurrence of the heat transfer deterioration was suppressed or degree of the deterioration was moderated. At high mass velocity for downward flow in the seven rod sub-bundle, oscillation of heat transfer was observed in the region of the enthalpy over the pseudocritical point.     

Typical diseases of a long-span concrete-filled steel tubular arch bridge and their effects on vehicle-induced dynamic response

A long-span concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge suffers severe vehicle-induced dynamic responses during its service life. However, few quantitative studies have been reported on the typical diseases suffered by such bridges and their effects on vehicle-induced dynamic response. Thus, a series of field tests and theoretical analyses were conducted to study the effects of typical diseases on the vehicle-induced dynamic response of a typical CFST arch bridge. The results show that a support void results in a height difference between both sides of the expansion joint, thus increasing the effect of vehicle impact on the main girder and suspenders. The impact factor of the displacement response of the main girder exceeds the design value. The variation of the suspender force is significant, and the diseases are found to have a greater effect on a shorter suspender. The theoretical analysis results also show that the support void causes an obvious longitudinal displacement of the main girder that is almost as large as the vertical displacement. The support void can also cause significant changes in the vehicle-induced acceleration response, particularly when the supports and steel box girder continue to collide with each other under the vehicle load.     

Variation of Microwave Dielectric Properties in the Glucose Biosensor System

Glucose biosensor is generally based on the reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase, which produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The gluconic acid is a conductive material, while hydrogen peroxide has polar molecules. This article examines the changes of dielectric properties due to the conductive loss below 2 GHz and dipole orientation of above that frequency of this reaction. The difference between the dielectric loss of glucose solution and the dielectric loss of glucose-enzyme reaction can be related to the glucose concentration in the samples, such as orange juice, black grape juice, sugarcane juice, and sapodilla juice. A good sensitivity to these differences due to the effect of ionic conductivity and dipole orientation was found at 1 and 16.44 GHz, respectively. The minimum detection limit of glucose concentration in the proposed technique was about 0.01 M (0.20 g/100 ml) with an optimum reaction ratio of about 1:1 between the enzyme solution and the glucose solution. This technique could benefit the future development of microwave biosensor by which both ionic conductivity and dipole effects can be considered simultaneously.