Patterns of expression for the mRNA corresponding to the four isoforms of phospholipase Cbeta in mouse brain

Ligand binding to neurotransmitter and hormone receptors which couple to the Gq subclass of GTP-binding protein leads to the activation of phospholipase Cbeta (PLCbeta) which hydrolyses phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate, yielding a pair of second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). The expression of PLCbeta1-4 mRNAs was comparatively examined by in situ hybridization in the mouse brain. In adults, PLCbeta1 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the telencephalon, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, lateral septum and olfactory bulb, with little expression in most thalamic nuclei. PLCbeta2 mRNA was distributed in the white matter, suggesting its expression in non-neuronal cells, most likely oligodendrocytes. PLCbeta3 mRNA was specifically expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The highest levels of PLCbeta4 mRNA were detected in Purkinje cells. High levels of PLCbeta4 mRNA were also found in the thalamus and medial septum, whereas weak signals were detected in most telencephalic regions, thus showing an expression pattern almost reciprocal to that of PLCbeta1 mRNA. During development, such characteristic regional expression of PLCbeta1 and PLCbeta4 were observed starting in late foetal stages, while specific expression of PLCbeta2 and PLCbeta3 appeared in early postnatal stages. We conclude that despite the existence of four PLCbeta isoforms, only one or two of them is expressed in individual neurons and glial cells. The distinct expression of PLCbetas provides a molecular basis for analysing the nature of the specific signal transduction pathway leading to the production of diacylglycerol and IP3 in distinct cell types and in different regions of the brain.     

A new porto-systemic bypass technique for hepatopancreatoduodenectomy with portal vein resection

When reconstructing the portal vein (PV) following hepatopancreatoduodenectomy (HPD) with PV resection, a new porto-systemic bypass (PSB) technique can be employed to prevent intestinal vascular congestion. The Whipple procedure is performed in a standard manner, as long a portion of the gastrocolic trunk is preserved for insertion of an antithrombogenic catheter (ATC). After harvesting the left external iliac vein and exposing the right great saphenous vein, the end of the ATC is inserted in the superior mesenteric vein via the gastrocolic trunk in the distal direction and the other end of the ATC is inserted in the greater saphenous vein. PSB is achieved as a result of the venous pressure gradient. By employing this technique, an ATC can be inserted without damaging another mesenteric venous branch and with minimal damage to the endothelium, and the small intestine is not exposed in the operative field until enteric reconstruction is started. This technique is a promising option for PSB during HPD with PV resection.     

Changes of biochemical markers during fracture healing

Clinical diagnosis of canine nasal mite (Pneumonyssoides caninum) infection is difficult due to the mite's location in the caudal nasal cavity and frontal sinuses. The current study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of milbemycin oxime in treating dogs with nasal mite infection. A prospective open uncontrolled study included 20 dogs with case histories indicating possible nasal mite infection. Inclusion criteria consisted of either nasal mites being demonstrated (group 1, four dogs), or suspicious clinical signs with no other apparent causes, combined with eosinophilia (group 2, 16 dogs). Milbemycin oxime 1 mg/kg was given orally three times at 10-day intervals. In 17 (85 per cent) dogs, clinical signs resolved completely following milbemycin therapy; within 10 days of the first treatment in 13 cases (group 1, four dogs; group 2, nine dogs) and within 14 days in four cases. In the remaining three dogs clinical signs persisted but were diminished.     

Novel UV absorbers prepared from 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene

The UV-stabilizing ability and thermal loss from the polystyrene film of novel UV absorbers, 2-[(3-hydroxy-4-benzoyl) phenoxy] pentachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HBPC) and hexakis[ (2-hydroxy-4-benzoyl) phenoxy] cyclotriphosphazene (HBPP), were investigated. The UV-stabilizing ability of HBPC estimated by the formation of carbonyl groups in polystyrene was comparable to that of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), suggesting that the phosphazene moiety does not affect the efficiency of the stabilizing ability of DHB units. No significant difference of efficiency per stabilizing units between HBPC and HBPP was observed. HBPC and HBPP are noteworthy for their low thermal losses from the polystyrene film, i.e., the thermal loss of HBPP was completely suppressed and the diffusion coefficient of HBPC at 160°C was two orders of magnitude smaller than that of DHB. The thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry measurement showed that HBPC and HBPP are nonvolatile and stable up to 230 and 300°C, respectively. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sensitivity of an anadically oxidized aluminium film on a surface acoustic wave sensor to humidity

The sensitivity, transient response and sensitivity mechanism of a surface acoustic wave humidity sensor using porous anodically oxidized aluminium (alumina) films as mechanical interfaces have been studied theoretically and experimentally. It is found that the sensitivity of alumina films of 1.0 μm thickness is -0.034 m/(s %RH) and is the same order as that of polyimide films. The transient response of alumina films to humidity is about one order faster than that of polyimide films. For the sensitivity mechanism, the phase-velocity change is attributed to the mechanical perturbation caused by the absorption of water molecules. The equivalent density change of alumina films between 0 and 100%RH is about 0.7%. In addition, the actual stiffness constants of alumina films are two orders less than those of bulk alumina.     

Cognitive model of team cooperation in en-route air traffic control

Since controller teams are in charge of en-route air traffic control, team cooperation is a key issue for good control performance. We conducted ethnographic field observation at the Tokyo Area Control Center and then analyzed the obtained data to develop a cognitive model of team cooperation in en-route air traffic control. We segmented conversational records, behavioral records, and so on by control unit, and then clarified relations between the segments and identified expert knowledge and judgment behind them. Cognitive processes of controller teams were reconstructed based on a concept of distributed cognition. The analysis revealed that the mutual belief model is applicable to team cooperation processes, the role assignment of tasks within a controller team is implicit and that control plans are implemented smoothly once team situation awareness has been established. A cognitive model of controllers?? team cooperation has been constructed based on these findings.     

Electric field-induced concentration and capture of DNA onto microtips

Simple, high-yield concentration of DNA is important for high-throughput genetic analysis and disease diagnosis. Glass-based microfilters are popular but the process requires centrifugation steps with cumbersome chemical processes. As an alternative, a concentration method using an electric field has been explored previously, but with limited efficiency. In this paper, electric field-induced concentration and capture of DNA are studied by using high-aspect-ratio microtips coated with a gold layer. The microtips are immersed longitudinally into a solution of 100???L containing ??-phage DNA. After DNA concentration using an electric field, the microtips are withdrawn from the solution. Under AC- and biased AC fields, DNA is concentrated by electrophoresis (EP), dielectrophoresis (DEP), and electroosmotic flow (EOF). To reduce capillary effects in the withdrawal process, the microtips are coated with positively charged poly-l-lysine (PLL). The pattern of captured DNA is analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. DEP attracts DNA molecules at the edges of microtips, where the highest gradient of electric field exists. EP attracts DNA onto the surface of microtips following the vectors of an electric field. EOF generates vortexes that deliver DNA onto microtips. Using this method, 85% of DNA is captured on the PLL-coated microtips after three sequential captures. The concentration mechanism can potentially facilitate rapid and simple preparation of DNA for downstream analysis.     

Large magnetoresistivity of sputtered Al-(O or N)-Bi alloys

Application of the sputtering technique to (Al₂O₃)_xBi_100–x and (AIN)_x Bi_100–x (x = 0 to 100%) has been found to result in the formation of a duplex material consisting of hexagonal bismuth particles dispersed finely and homogeneously in amorphous Al_xO_y and Al_xN_y matrices. The particle size and interparticle distance of the bismuth phase were about 5 to 140nm and 5 to 35 nm. The duplex alloys have high electrical resistivities ranging from 1.82 × 10³ to 3.16 × 10⁵ cm combined with a negative temperature-dependent resistivity of 148 to 342% of ₂₇₃. Furthermore, all the Al-O-Bi and Al-N-Bi alloys have been found to exhibit a positive magnetoresistive change and the maximum value, (H), at 4.2 K and 7.5T reaches 5.85 × 10⁴ cm for (Al-O)_65.7Bi_34.3 and 1.99 × 10⁵ cm for (Al-N)_69.7 Bi_30.3. The large magnetoresistivities are probably due to the unique sputtered structure consisting of metallic bismuth particles with a long mean free path of electrons embedded finely and homogeneously in amorphous Al_xO_y or Al_xN_y matrix, resulting in the large difference of the relaxation times (different mobilities) of electron carriers. It has thus been demonstrated that the oxide- or nitride-based composite materials exhibiting large magnetoresistivities, which cannot be achieved in metallic composite materials, are obtained by sputtering simultaneously Al₂O₃ or AIN and bismuth which is immiscible to aluminium.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of metastable lath martensite wires in the Fe-Ni-Cr-Al-C system produced by melt spinning in rotating water

Metastable lath martensite ( _L ) phase wires with high strengths have been produced in the Fe-Ni-Cr-Al-C alloy system by melt spinning in rotating water. These wires have a circular cross section and a white lustre and the wire diameter is in the range of 100 to 140m. The width and length of each lath in the _L phase are as small as about 0.3 and 2m, respectively. The _y, _f and _p are about 900 and 1650 MPa and 2.0% for the _L wires. The subsequent annealing causes an increase in _p as well as _y and _f and the attained values are about 1000 and 1700 MPa and 3.0% for Fe-10Ni-10Cr-6.5 Al-1.0C wire annealed at 773 K for 1 h owing to the precipitation strengthening of a very fine unidentified carbide and to a high density of dislocations and lath boundaries in the _L phase. Further annealing causes a significant decrease in _p through decomposition of _L to+M₇C₃+M₂₃C₆. Therefore, the high strength combined with relatively good ductility for the _L wires is interpreted as due to the suppression of the phase transformation of _L to a mixed structure of+M₇C₃+M₂₃C₆ by melt quenching.