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61.
Numerical evaluations of grid erosions in ion engines are required to estimate the lifetimes of long-term space missions. In this study, to investigate the characteristics of ions colliding with neutrals and impacting the accel grid surface, including ions that collide with neutrals more than once, three-dimensional particle analyses using a full-PIC (Particle in Cell) code were performed. The distributions of erosion by charge-exchanged ions show periodic patterns. The multiple-collided ion constitutes 7 and 8% of the accel grid current to the inner and downstream surfaces, respectively. The energy of the multiple-collided ion impacting the downstream surface has a broader distribution than that of the charge-exchanged ion. These results suggest the importance of investigating multiple-collided ions in high-accuracy quantitative evaluations of grid erosion. 相似文献
62.
A large amount of fluid circulation and heat extraction (i.e., thermal power production) research and testing has been conducted on engineered geothermal reservoirs in the past 15 years. In confined reservoirs, which best represent the original Hot Dry Rock concept, the flow distribution at any given time is primarily determined by three parameters: (1) the nature of the interconnected network of pressure-stimulated joints and open fractures within the flow-accessible reservoir region, (2) the mean pressure in the reservoir, and (3) the cumulative amount of fluid circulation—and therefore reservoir cooling—that has occurred. For an initial reservoir rock temperature distribution and mean fluid outlet temperature, the rate of heat extraction (i.e., thermal power) is at first only a function of the production flow rate, since the production temperature can be expected to remain essentially constant for some time (months, or even years). However, as reservoir circulation proceeds, the production temperature will eventually start to decline, as determined by the mean effective joint spacing and the total flow-accessible (i.e., heat-transfer) volume of the reservoir. The rate of heat extraction, which depends on the production flow rate, can also vary with time as a result of continuing changes in the flow distribution arising from reservoir cooling.The thermal power of engineered reservoirs can most readily be increased by increasing the production flow rate, as long as this does not lead to premature cooldown, the development of short-circuit flow paths, or excessive water losses. Generally, an increase in flow rate can be accomplished by increasing the injection pressure within limits. This strategy increases the driving pressure drop across the reservoir and the mean reservoir pressure, which in turn reduces the reservoir flow impedance by increasing the amount of joint dilation. However, the usefulness of this strategy is limited to reservoir operating pressures below the fracture extension pressure, and may lead to excessive water losses, particularly in less-confined reservoirs. Under such conditions, a downhole production-well pump may be employed to increase productivity by recovering more of the injected fluid at lower mean reservoir operating pressures. 相似文献
63.
Min‐Jung Bae Takeshi Ishii Kanako Minoda Yukiko Kawada Tatsuya Ichikawa Taiki Mori Miya Kamihira Tsutomu Nakayama 《Molecular nutrition & food research》2009,53(6):709-715
(–)‐Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) is the major component of green tea and is known to show strong biological activity, although it can be easily oxidized under physiological conditions. In this study, we indicate that EGCg is stable in human serum and that human serum albumin (HSA) stabilizes EGCg under aerobic condition. Although EGCg is usually decomposed within 1 h in aqueous solution at neutral pH, EGCg in serum and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing HSA was stable over 1 h, even at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. Under these conditions, EGCg binds to HSA non‐covalently. The sulfhydryl group acts as an antioxidant for EGCg oxidation. Incubation of EGCg with HSA is accompanied by the oxidation of a free sulfhydryl group in HSA. These results suggest that the antioxidant property and the binding capacity of HSA contribute to the stabilization of EGCg in human serum. 相似文献
64.
Monolayers of an amphiphilic nitrophenylazide (ANPA) derivative were prepared and their ability to immobilize a protein molecule by a photochemical binding reaction was demonstrated as a novel means to constitute a biofunctional membrane. Molecular orientations and photoreactions in the ANPA monolayers were investigated by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Rapid photolysis of ANPA was observed which reflects decomposition of the azide group to a reactive nitrene radical intermediate. As an enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on a monomolecular film of ANPA, coated on a substrate, by means of enzyme adsorption at the solid-solution interface and subsequent photolysis of ANPA. Radioisotope labelling experiments revealed that the enzyme was immobilized at a high surface concentration which corresponds to a closely packed monolayer of GOD. The specific activity of the immobilized enzyme was estimated to be high compared with those of other systems involving the adsorption of this enzyme. The usefulness of the present technique for fabricating biofunctional monolayer assemblies is discussed. 相似文献
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Tsutomu Yokozuka Takeo Ishikawa Takashi Harada Toshinari Minami Makoto Shibuya 《Electrical Engineering in Japan》2001,136(1):47-56
A method for calculating the single‐step response of five‐phase hybrid stepping motors is obtained. The effects of winding connecting methods—(1) star‐bipolar SB, (2) pentagon PD, and (3) new pentagon NP—on the single‐step response are investigated. By application of the above calculation method, the continuous rotating characteristics are studied. It is found that the maximum slewing pulse rate of NP is higher than that of SB and PD connections, and that the variation of the rotor speed at high speed with the SB and PD connections is larger than that with the NP connection. The effects of the current waveform on the oscillation characteristics and relations between the current waveform and the winding connections are investigated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(1): 47–56, 2001 相似文献
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Mok-Ryeon Ahn Shigenori Kumazawa Yumiko Usui Jun Nakamura Mitsuo Matsuka Fang Zhu Tsutomu Nakayama 《Food chemistry》2007,101(4):1383-1392
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The composition of propolis depends on time, vegetation, and the area of collection. This study examined the antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of China: Heilongjiang, Neimongol, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan and Hainan. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and evaluated for their antioxidant activities by β-carotene bleaching, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging, and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assays. Furthermore, the major constituents in EEP were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with a photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, and each component was quantitatively analyzed. All propolis samples except that from Yunnan had relatively strong antioxidant activity accompanied by high total polyphenol contents. Propolis with strong antioxidant activity contained large amounts of antioxidative compounds, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. On the other hand, propolis from Yunnan and Hainan had compounds not present in propolis from other areas. 相似文献
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