The importance of the compression test procedure for plastic drums for dangerous goods

Packagings for the transport of dangerous goods are tested by four tests:- free fall, leakproofness, hydraulic pressure and stacking. However, the test procedures can be interpreted in different ways, particularly the stacking test. Some test authorities apply a guided load to the top of the package and others, including the LNE in France, use non-guided loads. The objective of recent research carried out at LNE was to evaluate the risk (in terms of stack stability for dangerous goods packagings) if the stacking tests are performed with guided loads rather than non-guided loads. The stacking tests were carried out on a limited number of plastic drums (200 of four types) submitted for qualification testing using the above four tests, with either guided or non-guided loads. From the results we conclude that:

• i for the transport of dangerous goods of Danger Group I, the field of use is not altered when tested by either procedure.
• ii with goods of Danger Groups II and III, the use of either procedure does not alter the position as far as transport is concerned. However, there is a risk in warehousing: the non-guided procedure being preferred.

     

Influence of preparation conditions on characteristics of the YBa2Cu3O7−δ compound

Synthesis of ceramic YBa₂Cu₃O_7– by solid-state reaction was performed under different conditions. Different values of cooling rate and oxygen flow were used, and no significant influence on superconducting characteristics of the samples was observed. A major influence on their mechanical properties was found.     

The Multifunctional Sactipeptide Ruminococcin C1 Displays Potent Antibacterial Activity In Vivo as Well as Other Beneficial Properties for Human Health

The world is on the verge of a major antibiotic crisis as the emergence of resistant bacteria is increasing, and very few novel molecules have been discovered since the 1960s. In this context, scientists have been exploring alternatives to conventional antibiotics, such as ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Interestingly, the highly potent in vitro antibacterial activity and safety of ruminococcin C1, a recently discovered RiPP belonging to the sactipeptide subclass, has been demonstrated. The present results show that ruminococcin C1 is efficient at curing infection and at protecting challenged mice from Clostridium perfringens with a lower dose than the conventional antibiotic vancomycin. Moreover, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is also effective against this pathogen in the complex microbial community of the gut environment, with a selective impact on a few bacterial genera, while maintaining a global homeostasis of the microbiome. In addition, ruminococcin C1 exhibits other biological activities that could be beneficial for human health, as well as other fields of applications. Overall, this study, by using an in vivo infection approach, confirms the antimicrobial clinical potential and highlights the multiple functional properties of ruminococcin C1, thus extending its therapeutic interest.     

The Role of LGR4 (GPR48) in Normal and Cancer Processes

Leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is a receptor that belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that can be activated by R-spondins (RSPOs), Norrin, circLGR4, and the ligand of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANKL) ligands to regulate signaling pathways in normal and pathological processes. LGR4 is widely expressed in different tissues where it has multiple functions such as tissue development and maintenance. LGR4 mainly acts through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to regulate proliferation, survival, and differentiation. In cancer, LGR4 participates in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, recent evidence reveals that LGR4 is essential for the regulation of the cancer stem cell population by controlling self-renewal and regulating stem cell properties. This review summarizes the function of LGR4 and its ligands in normal and malignant processes.     

Role of Chiral Configuration in the Photoinduced Interaction of D- and L-Tryptophan with Optical Isomers of Ketoprofen in Linked Systems

The study of the L- and D-amino acid properties in proteins and peptides has attracted considerable attention in recent years, as the replacement of even one L-amino acid by its D-analogue due to aging of the body is resulted in a number of pathological conditions, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A recent trend is using short model systems to study the peculiarities of proteins with D-amino acids. In this report, the comparison of the excited states quenching of L- and D-tryptophan (Trp) in a model donor–acceptor dyad with (R)- and (S)-ketoprofen (KP-Trp) was carried out by photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Quenching of the Trp excited states, which occurs via two mechanisms: prevailing resonance energy transfer (RET) and electron transfer (ET), indeed demonstrates some peculiarities for all three studied configurations of the dyad: (R,S)-, (S,R)-, and (S,S)-. Thus, the ET efficiency is identical for (S,R)- and (R,S)-enantiomers, while RET differs by 1.6 times. For (S,S)-, the CIDNP coefficient is almost an order of magnitude greater than for (R,S)- and (S,R)-. To understand the source of this difference, hyperpolarization of (S,S)-and (R,S)- has been calculated using theory involving the electron dipole–dipole interaction in the secular equation.     

Overview of Fine-Scale Piezoelectric Ceramic/Polymer Composite Processing

In the past two decades, piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites with different connectivities have been developed for transducer applications such as hydrophones, biomedical imaging, nondestructive testing, and air imaging. Recently, much attention has been given to fine-scale piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites. These composites allow higher operating frequencies, and thus increased resolution, in medical imaging transducers. In this review, methods for processing fine-scale piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites are discussed. The current capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses of each method are compared. The importance of spatial scale in composite performance is also reviewed. Several of the processing methods have demonstrated composites with fine-scale ceramic phases (<50 μm), and others have potential to form composites with a ceramic scale of under 20 μm.     

Comparison of a contactor catalytic membrane reactor with a conventional reactor: example of wet air oxidation

A wet air oxidation reaction was carried out in a gas/liquid catalytic membrane reactor of the contactor type. The oxidation of formic acid was used as a model reaction. The mesoporous top-layer of a ceramic tubular membrane was used as catalyst (Pt) support, and was placed at the interface of the gas (air) and liquid (HCOOH solution) phases.

A similar reaction was carried out in a conventional batch reactor, using a steering rate high enough to avoid gas-diffusion limitations, and exactly identical conditions than for the CMR (amount of catalyst, pressure, etc.). At room temperature, the CMR showed an initial activity three to six times higher than the conventional reactor. This activity increase was attributed to an easier oxygen access to the catalytic sites. Nevertheless, the catalytic membrane gradually deactivated after a few hours of operation. Different deactivation mechanisms are presented.     

Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in the diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum

The biosynthesis of fatty acids in the diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum was studied. The diatom was incubated with sodium [1¹⁴C] acetate and the acids [1-¹⁴C] palmitic, [1-¹⁴C] stearic, [1-¹⁴C] linoleic and [1-¹⁴C] α-linolenic. The distribution of radioactivity in the products was determined by gas liquid radiochromatography. The diatom synthesized “de novo” not only saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, but also linoleic, α-linolenic and other fatty acids including the highly polyunsaturated 20∶5ω3 and 22∶6ω3. When labeled acetate, stearic, α-linolenic or even linoleic acid were incubated with the diatom, the polyunsaturated C₂₀ fatty acids synthesized belonged predominantly to the ω 3 family. The existence of Δ9, Δ6, Δ5, Δ4, ω6 and possibly ω3 desaturases inP. tricornutum is suggested. Member of the Carrera del Investigador Científico of the Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Member of the Carrera del Investigador Cientifico of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas.     

Various Scale Levels of the Gel-to-Glass Transformation

The gel-to-glass transition in SiO₂ xerogels prepared by inorganic sol-gel synthesis was studied. The evolution of the molecular structure is traced using the infrared and lowfrequency Raman spectroscopy methods. The elastic moduli of the samples as well as the pore wall moduli at various stages of heat treatment are determined from the data on Brillouin scattering. The formation of monolithic glass on the macroscopic level manifests itself within a narrow temperature range by the dramatic increase of Young's modulus to the accepted value for fused silica. This phenomenon coincides with structural transformations on the molecular scale: (i) the definite correlation radius (the long-range order sphere) appears; (ii) local distortions of the silica network relax. The presence of structural defects influences the kinetics of vitreous SiO₂ formation during xerogel heat treatment.     

Regressing Local to Global Shape Properties for Online Segmentation and Tracking

We propose a novel regression based framework that uses online learned shape information to reconstruct occluded object contours. Our key insight is to regress the global, coarse, properties of shape from its local properties, i.e. its details. We do this by representing shapes using their 2D discrete cosine transforms and by regressing low frequency from high frequency harmonics. We learn this regression model using Locally Weighted Projection Regression which expedites online, incremental learning. After sufficient observation of a set of unoccluded shapes, the learned model can detect occlusion and recover the full shapes from the occluded ones. We demonstrate the ideas using a level-set based tracking system that provides shape and pose, however, the framework could be embedded in any segmentation-based tracking system. Our experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the method on a variety of objects using both real data and artificial data.