Highly efficient single‐unit white OLED device with emission from both singlet and triplet excitons

We succeeded in developing a single‐unit hybrid organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) device with efficient light emission from both a phosphorescent layer and a fluorescent layer. The single‐unit hybrid OLED achieved a power efficiency higher than that of a two‐unit hybrid tandem OLED with phosphorescent and fluorescent layers.     

Mode of bacterial inactivation by chlorine dioxide

This study was conducted to examine the effects of chlorine dioxide on dehydrogenase enzymes, protein synthesis, and deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteria in order to elucidate the mode of action of chlorine dioxide. Experiments were carried out in a specially designed unit which permitted sampling for bacterial survivals at time intervals from 5 to 1800 s after the addition of the disinfectant. Bacterial numbers were determined by the pour plate technique. The total dehydrogenase activity of Escherichia coli was determined by the colorimetric estimation of triphenyl formazan, and cell extracts were assayed for their ability to incorporate radioactive phenylalanine into protein. DNA extracted from chlorine dioxide-treated Haemophilus influenzae was tested for its ability to transform competent cells. Partially purified DNA was also exposed to chlorine dioxide and tested for transformability.Experimental results show that total dehydrogenase enzymes were completely inhibited within the first 5 s of reaction even while considerable numbers of bacteria remained viable. Protein synthesis was partially inhibited by chlorine dioxide and the extent of inhibition was found to be proportional to the initial chlorine dioxide dosage. Glutathione did not reverse the effect of chlorine dioxide on bacterial viability, total dehydrogenase activity or protein synthesis. When whole cells of H. influenzae were exposed to chlorine dioxide, the DNA transforming activity was not affected. Similarly, when a partially purified extract of H. influenzae DNA was treated with chlorine dioxide, no inhibition of DNA transformation occurred within the first minute of reaction. Moreover, after a contact time of 5 min or more, a very high chlorine dioxide dose of 20 mg l⁻¹ produced only a slight inhibition of DNA transforming function. Thus, the primary site of action of chlorine dioxide on bacteria must lie elsewhere in the cell other than in the dehydrogenase enzymes, the protein synthesizing complex or DNA, although inhibition of protein synthesis may have a contributory lethal effect.     

Microstructure control and tensile properties of three-phase alloys based on the E21 Co3AlC and B2 CoAl

To investigate tensile mechanical behavior, tensile tests were conducted at room temperature and 1273 K on three-phase alloys consisting of the E2₁ Co₃AlC, B2 CoAl and (Co) primary solid solution. The alloy containing a large volume fraction of E2₁ phase exhibits excellent ductility, exceeding 5% plastic strain at room temperature, while the alloy with a considerable amount of coarse B2 phase particles shows zero ductility. In this study, microstructure control was used to improve the ambient temperature ductility of the E2₁/B2/(Co) three-phase alloys. Hot forging and subsequent heat treatments were performed aiming at eliminating solidification defects and minimizing the heterogeneity of the as-cast microstructure. These thermomechanical treatments together with compositional control effectively improve the ductility of the E2₁/B2/(Co) three-phase alloys at ambient temperature and 1273 K.     

关西国家图书馆

乍看起来，大体量的日本关西国家图书馆并不是非常引人注目，该馆的馆藏能力达到2000万册，目前尚有大量空间可以利用，图书馆最初设在东京，但是由于首都地价过高，因此在那里进行扩建或是重修图书馆的工作是不可能的。     

Efficient Nonlinear Absorbing Platinum(II) Acetylide Chromophores in Solid PMMA Matrices

Platinum(II) acetylides were incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) glasses to obtain solid‐state nonlinear optical devices. We report on device fabrication, structural, chemical, and mechanical properties, as well as the optical limiting capabilities of the final solids. Two different guest‐host systems are presented: 1) Dye molecules functionalized to be readily dispersed in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and subsequent in situ polymerization of the MMA yielding solid PMMA host matrices. 2) Dye molecules functionalized to copolymerize with MMA forming covalent bonds between the guest and the PMMA host matrix. A range of doped organic solids were prepared, reaching concentrations up to 13 wt% of the guest molecule. Raman spectra of the doped solid devices indicate that the chemical structure of the nonlinear dyes remains intact upon the polymerization of the solid matrix. Luminescence spectra confirm that the basic photophysical properties observed for the same solute molecules in THF are maintained also in the solid state. Optical power limiting (OPL) characterization reveal clamping levels for the dyes nonbonded to the solid host being less than 4 µJ at pulse energies up to 110 µJ at 532 nm (f/5 arrangement and 5 ns pulses), which is comparable to the performance of similar dyes in THF solutions. In contrast, the highly crosslinked solid possesses a higher clamping level (8 µJ) at the same nominal concentration.     

Effect of palladium loaded activated carbons on hydrogen storage

Pd-loaded high surface area activated carbon (BAC-Pd) was produced from bamboo by carbonization and activation using potassium hydroxide with subsequent loading of palladium. The palladium loaded onto BACs appears to exist more in micropores. The Pd compounds exist mainly as amorphous PdCl₂ with Pd (0) structures in the whole surface of BAC-Pd. The hydrogen adsorption capability of BAC-Pd at 0.1?MPa and room temperature was evaluated for hydrogen storage. The amount of adsorbed hydrogen on BAC-Pd was the maximum among three Pd-loaded activated carbons because the physical properties and the Pd content are the highest among them. According to the effect of Pd content, the amounts of adsorbed hydrogen on BAC-Pd increased linearly as the Pd content increased, and the BET surface area of BAC-Pd decreased. BAC, which had the highest Pd contents in micropores, exhibited excellent adsorption ability for hydrogen at 298?K and 0.1?MPa. The amounts of chemisorbed hydrogen of BAC-Pd increased along with the increase in Pd content. Furthermore, the amount of adsorbed hydrogen of BAC-Pd is expected to increase in conditions with pressure higher than 0.1?MPa.     

Effect of bifidobacteria feeding on fecal flora and production of immunoglobulins in lactating mouse

To elucidate the effects of probiotics on the stimulation of immunoglobulin production during lactation, feeding trials of bifidobacteria in lactating mice were conducted. Bifidobacteria appeared in feces at 9.67+/-0.17 log 10 number per gram levels. All bifidobacteria found in the feces were the administered strain. Mice fed bifidobacteria for 12 days showed significantly high levels of fecal total IgA compared to that of the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of anti-beta-lactoglobulin IgA in milk as well as in fecal extracts were significantly higher in the bifidobacteria-fed group than that of the control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the intake of bifidobacteria can enhance local production of IgA in milk and the intestine, which may help to protect both pups and dams from exposure to food antigens.     

Particle electrification and levitation in a continuous particle feed and dispersion system with vibration and external electric fields

Electrification and levitation of particles in a continuous particle feed and dispersion system have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. This system consisted of a vibrator and inclined parallel electrodes. A mesh and a vibrating plate were used for the upper and lower electrodes, respectively. A dc voltage was applied to one of the electrodes and the other electrode was grounded. Particles fed to the lower electrode were charged by induction and levitated upward by the Coulomb forces. When the applied voltage was high enough, the particles passed through the mesh electrode. The charge of the particles was measured with a Faraday cup, and the particle behavior was observed with a high-speed microscope camera. The particle charges were also analyzed from experimentally obtained particle trajectories and numerically calculated electric fields. Finally, the conditions for the effective levitation and dispersion of the charged particles and their mechanisms were studied and have been described in detail.