Flow structure of steam–water mixed spray

In this study, the flow structure of a steam–water mixed spray is studied both numerically and experimentally. The velocity and pressure profiles of single-phase flow are calculated using numerical methods. On the basis of the calculated flow fields, the droplet behavior is predicted by a one-way interaction model. This numerical analysis reveals that the droplets are accelerated even after they are sprayed from the nozzle. Experimentally, the mixed spray is observed using an ultra-high-speed video camera, and the velocity field is measured by using the oarticle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Along with this PIV velocity field measurement, the velocities and diameters of droplets are measured by phase Doppler anemometry. Furthermore, the mixing process of steam and water and the atomization process of a liquid film are observed using a transparent nozzle. High-speed photography observations reveal that the flow inside the nozzle is annular flow and that most of the liquid film is atomized at the nozzle throat and nozzle outlet. Finally, the optimum mixing method for steam and water is determined.     

Plasma-tolerant structure for organic light-emitting diodes with aluminum cathodes fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering: Using a Li-doped electron transport layer

We fabricate aluminum cathodes that are almost free from plasma damage by DC magnetron sputtering for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). While sputtering is widely known to have numerous advantages over conventional evaporation for mass production of devices, it can cause serious damage to organic layers. In this report, we fabricate devices that are free from plasma damage by introducing a 1%-Li-doped electron transport layer (ETL). The difference of external electroluminescence quantum efficiency between OLEDs with the structure ITO/α-NPD/ETL/Al (where ITO is indium tin oxide and α-NPD is N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine) with Al cathodes deposited by conventional evaporation or sputtering is 0.1%, and their driving voltage is identical. We find that the Li-doped ETL should be thicker than 40 nm. Analysis of the depth profile of the ETL by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates that considerable damage from sputtering extended to a depth of approximately 30 nm, suggesting that high-energy particles penetrated about 30 nm into the ETL.     

STABILITY TEST OF SRC II DISTILLATES BY ESR

ABSTRACT

The stability of distillates derived from the SRC II coal liquefaction process has been investigated by means of electron spin resonance (e.s.r.). The samples were prepared by storing at room temperature for 8 days in air or in vacuo. The lighter fraction of distillate deteriorated more easily via oxidation than the heavier fraction.     

Defect Detection from Visual Abnormalities in Manufacturing Process Using IDDQ

Abnormal I _DDQ (Quiescent V _DD supply current) indicates the existence of physical damage in a circuit. Using this phenomenon, a CAD-based fault diagnosis technology has been developed to enhance the manufacturing yield of logic LSI. This method to detect the fatal defect fragments in several abnormalities identified with wafer inspection apparatus includes a way to separate various leakage faults, and to define the diagnosis area encircling the abnormal portions. The proposed technique progressively narrows the faulty area by using logic simulation to extract the logic states of the diagnosis area, and by locating test vectors related to abnormal I _DDQ. The fundamental diagnosis way employs the comparative operation of each circuit element to determine whether the same logic state with abnormal I _DDQ exists in normal logic state or not.     

IN-situ monitoring of hydrogen transfer in carbonization reaction by well resolved high-temperature 1H NMR

By means of a well resolved high-temperature ¹H NMR technique, the carbonization process of acenaphthylene as well as the hydrogen transfer from some model compounds and decant oil to anthracene and/or acenaphthylene have been studied. The hydrogen transfer reaction was found to take place in the liquid phase at temperatures above 630 K for the decant oil/anthracene system.     

T1ρ study of pitch softening

Proton rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation time (T_1ρ) measurements have been made in 10 samples of pitch from room temperature to 673 K to obtain information about the mechanisms of pitch softening. The T_1ρ minimum of pitch was found to occur at approximately the same temperature as the softening point. This result suggests that the softening phenomenon of pitch can be detected at the molecular level by T_1ρ measurements. Laboratory frame spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) measurements were also made on pitches to obtain information about the molecular motion of pitch in the high frequency ranges.     

FT-IR ATR spectroscopy of the edge surface of pyrolytic graphite and its surface/PVC interface

The edge surface of pyrolytic graphite (PG) has been oxidized by electrochemical and oxygen plasma treatments. The structure of the oxidized edge surfaces of PG and the interaction between the oxidized surface and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been studied by means of Fourier transform — infrared attenuated total reflection (FT-IR ATR) spectroscopy. Phenolic hydroxyl groups and functional groups with a carbonyl group are present on the untreated and all oxidized edge surfaces. For all the surfaces, some of the phenolic hydroxyl groups are linked by hydrogen bonds to each other or functional groups with a carbonyl group, part of the carboxyl groups also being linked by hydrogen bonds to each other. Lactone, carboxyl, and quinone structure moieties are formed on the edge surface by the electrochemical treatment. Among the moieties, quinones are mainly introduced to the edge surface by the severe electrochemical treatment. Quinones are not present on the untreated and the plasma-treated edge surfaces. FT-IR ATR spectra provide evidence for the existence of hydrogen bonds between the > C = O groups present on the edge surface and PVC.     

Epstein-Barr virus associated natural killer cell leukemia: report of an autopsy case

A 20-year-old female was admitted because of high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, severe hepatic dysfunction and coagulopathy. Peripheral blood showed pancytopenia and granular lymphocytes bearing the natural killer cell phenotype (CD2+CD3-CD16+CD56+CD57-TCR alpha beta-TCR gamma delta-) constituted 97% of leucocytes. Southern blot analysis of DNA obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed germ-line configuration of TCR beta, gamma and delta chain genes. EBV-DNA was detected in a single episomal form by using EBV-terminal repeat probe. Bone marrow findings were consistent with hemophagocytic syndrome and administration of VP-16 was effective transiently. After ten months she died from massive gastrointestinal bleeding. An in situ hybridization study identified EBV-RNA (EBER-1) in atypical lymphocytes infiltrating bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. Sections of liver showed steatosis and infiltration of T cells (CD3+ and EBER-1-negative) in the portal areas and few atypical lymphocytes in sinusoids. The patients developed an EBV-associated clonal proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells, but the clinical features were suggestive of chronic active EBV infection or virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) rather than leukemia. Bone marrow transplantation for NK cell leukemia is an issue to be discussed.