光储一体化耦合制氢系统控制策略及仿真分析

针对光伏制氢系统受环境影响导致光伏出力波动性强、制氢效果不理想等问题,在光储耦合制氢系统模型基础之上,以提升光伏发电质量、平滑制氢以及增强系统稳定性为目的,采用了一种基于稳压控制的光储一体化耦合制氢系统控制策略。该控制策略包括光伏系统的最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）控制,电化学储能系统自适应协调控制等,可在实现最大光资源利用的同时,保证母线电压稳定以及制氢平滑性,通过仿真验证了该控制策略的有效性。     

考虑壁温特性的高温再热器减温水投运方式优化

过热器和再热器的减温水是保证其受热面安全运行的重要手段,但减温水的投入会严重影响机组的经济性。通过屏式过热器、高温过热器和高温再热器的壁温特性试验,结合受热面管道的安全性,提出提高减温水投入的触发温度,降低减温水量;同时试验测量喷水减温的延迟时间,认为喷水减温的投入时间在考虑再热蒸汽温度变化趋势的同时,需要兼顾喷水减温的延迟时间,精准控制减温水投入。提高减温水触发温度和优化喷水减温投入时间均可减少减温水量,大幅提高锅炉运行经济性,也可防止减温器管道受到频繁热冲击,保证受热面管道安全,该方法实际应用效果良好。     

燃煤电厂开展大规模碳捕集的技术路线选择及经济敏感性分析

为研究燃煤电厂开展大规模碳捕集的可行性,以某100万t/a的典型碳捕集装置为例,对国内外碳捕集装置的技术路线和经济敏感性进行了分析。结果认为:我国开展大规模碳捕集示范,选择技术路线时,应以改进的化学吸收法碳捕集技术为主;选择吸收剂时,应以得到工业验证的改进型复合胺吸收剂为主,同时可适当考虑未来采用其他吸收剂体系的备用措施;选择节能工艺时,应结合投入和产出比,优先选择烟气预冷、级间冷却、贫富液分流、闪蒸压缩等成熟工艺;投资成本中设备购置费占比高达83.8%,应重点做好关键设备的优化和选型;运行成本中蒸汽和电耗成本占比达到72.8%,项目建设中应优先选择蒸汽和用电成本较低电厂;在敏感性参数波动范围为±10%时,投资成本、单位捕集能耗、蒸汽价格、电价、吸收剂单价对最终碳捕集综合成本的敏感性影响大小分别为6.2、12.4、12.5、8.3、2.0元;蒸汽价格、单位捕集能耗、电价是影响碳捕集成本的显著因素,其次是投资成本、吸收剂单价等。     

Discrete element method investigation on thermally-induced shakedown of granular materials

Temperature change, as a common kind of internal perturbation performed on granular materials, has a significant effect on the bulk properties of granular materials. However, few studies on thermally-induced shakedown under a long-term thermal cycling were reported. In this work, the discrete element method was used to give insight into the thermally-induced shakedown on the fabric and stress states within non-cohesive, frictional granular assemblies. Assemblies were submitted to thermal cycling at a stationary boundary condition after experiencing a one-dimensional compression. Evolution of coordination number, entropy and anisotropy was investigated as well as boundary forces and contact forces. At the same time, effects of the heating rate, the initial vertical load and the magnitude of temperature change were examined. It demonstrates that thermal cycling induces a significant force relaxation within granular materials, while the corresponding granular fabric has a small change. In addition, the entropy and anisotropy decreases with thermal cycling. Moreover, the initial vertical load can constrain the development of thermally-induced fabric change, thereby limiting force relaxation to some degree. Both high heating rate and larger magnitudes of temperature change contribute to more significant force relaxation. However, they cause smaller fabric changes even though they provide larger perturbations.     

Modifying continuous-time random walks to model finite-size particle diffusion in granular porous media

The continuous-time random walk (CTRW) model is useful for alleviating the computational burden of simulating diffusion in actual media. In principle, isotropic CTRW only requires knowledge of the step-size, \(P_l\), and waiting-time, \(P_t\), distributions of the random walk in the medium and it then generates presumably equivalent walks in free space, which are much faster. Here we test the usefulness of CTRW to modelling diffusion of finite-size particles in porous medium generated by loose granular packs. This is done by first simulating the diffusion process in a model porous medium of mean coordination number, which corresponds to marginal rigidity (the loosest possible structure), computing the resulting distributions \(P_l\) and \(P_t\) as functions of the particle size, and then using these as input for a free space CTRW. The CTRW walks are then compared to the ones simulated in the actual media. In particular, we study the normal-to-anomalous transition of the diffusion as a function of increasing particle size. We find that, given the same \(P_l\) and \(P_t\) for the simulation and the CTRW, the latter predicts incorrectly the size at which the transition occurs. We show that the discrepancy is related to the dependence of the effective connectivity of the porous media on the diffusing particle size, which is not captured simply by these distributions. We propose a correcting modification to the CTRW model—adding anisotropy—and show that it yields good agreement with the simulated diffusion process. We also present a method to obtain \(P_l\) and \(P_t\) directly from the porous sample, without having to simulate an actual diffusion process. This extends the use of CTRW, with all its advantages, to modelling diffusion processes of finite-size particles in such confined geometries.     

Models of Ballistic Propagation of Heat at Low Temperatures

Heat conduction at low temperatures shows several effects that cannot be described by the Fourier law. In this paper, the performance of various theories is compared in case of wave-like and ballistic propagation of heat pulses in NaF.     

Dynamics of Plug Formation in a Circular Cylinder Under Low Bond Number Conditions: Experiment and Simulation

The goal of the current study is to investigate the dynamics of two phase interface under a low Bond number condition. Silicone oil is injected into a cylinder under a Bond number of about 0.47 via a side tube forming a T-junction with the former. The time evolution of the interface of silicon oil in a cylinder is captured using a high speed camera. The volume at which the plug is formed is then determined using an image processing tool to analyze the captured images. A numerical simulation is carried out where fluid is injected into a cylinder, under a less than unity Bond number condition, via a side tube. Numerical and experimental results are then compared.     

A superhydrophilic titanium implant functionalized by ozone gas modulates bone marrow cell and macrophage responses

Bone-forming cells and M? play key roles in bone tissue repair. In this study, we prepared a superhydrophilic titanium implant functionalized by ozone gas to modulate osteoconductivity and inhibit inflammatory response towards titanium implants. After 24 h of ozone gas treatment, the water contact angle of the titanium surface became zero. XPS analysis revealed that hydroxyl groups were greatly increased, but carbon contaminants were largely decreased 24 h after ozone gas functionalization. Also, ozone gas functionalization did not alter titanium surface topography. Superhydrophilic titanium (O₃–Ti) largely increased the aspect ratio, size and perimeter of cells when compared with untreated titanium (unTi). In addition, O₃–Ti facilitated rat bone marrow derived MSCs differentiation and mineralization evidenced by greater ALP activity and bone-like nodule formation. Interestingly, O₃–Ti did not affect RAW264.7 M? proliferation. However, naive RAW264.7 M? cultured on unTi produced a two-fold larger amount of TNFα than that on O₃–Ti. Furthermore, O₃–Ti greatly mitigated proinflammatory cytokine production, including TNFα and IL-6 from LSP-stimulated RAW264.7 M?. These results demonstrated that a superhydrophilic titanium prepared by simple ozone gas functionalization successfully increased MSCs proliferation and differentiation, and mitigated proinflammatory cytokine production from both naive and LPS-stimulated M?. This superhydrophilic surface would be useful as an endosseous implantable biomaterials and as a biomaterial for implantation into other tissues.     

Nonlinearity of bituminous mixtures

This paper presents an experimental characterization of the strain dependency of the complex modulus of bituminous mixtures for strain amplitude levels lower than about \(110~\upmu\mbox{m}/\mbox{m}\). A series of strain amplitude sweep tests are performed at different temperatures (8, 10, 12 and 14°C) and frequencies (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 Hz), during which complex modulus is monitored. For each combination of temperature and frequency, four maximum strain amplitudes are targeted (50, 75, 100 and \(110~\upmu\mbox{m}/\mbox{m}\)). For each of them, two series of 50 loading cycles are applied, respectively at decreasing and increasing strain amplitudes. Before each decreasing strain sweep and after each increasing strain sweep, 5 cycles are performed at constant maximum targeted strain amplitude.Experimental results show that the behavior of the studied material is strain dependent. The norm of the complex modulus decreases and phase angle increases with strain amplitude. Results are presented in Black and Cole–Cole plots, where characteristic directions of nonlinearity can be identified. Both the effects of nonlinearity in terms of the complex modulus variation and of the direction of nonlinearity in Black space seem to validate the time–temperature superposition principle with the same shift factors as for linear viscoelasticity.The comparison between results obtained during increasing and decreasing strain sweeps suggests the existence of another phenomenon occurring during cyclic loading, which appears to systematically induce a decrease of the norm of the complex modulus and an increase of the phase angle, regardless of the type of the strain sweep (increasing or decreasing).     

茶末/CMC-Na/AL-Na复合膜制备及性能测定

目的 为改善传统保鲜膜带来的环境污染问题,开发出具有较好力学性能和抗菌性的食品包装材料提供理论依据。方法 采用海藻酸钠(AL-Na)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)为主要成膜材料,辅助添加茶末通过流延成膜法制备复合膜,以拉伸强度、断裂伸长率等为依据,通过单因素和响应面试验确定茶末/CMC-Na/AL-Na复合膜的最佳工艺。结果 当CMC-Na与AL-Na的体积比为84∶16、茶末添加量为1.43%、干燥温度为50 ℃、干燥时间为7 h时,复合膜综合性能最优,拉伸强度为16.60 N/mm²,断裂伸长率为19.11%,具有较好的力学性能、耐水性、抗氧化性和抑菌性。结论 制备的茶末/ CMC-Na/AL-Na复合膜具有较好的力学性能和抗氧抑菌性能。