Definition of the optimum freezing rate-1. Investigation of structure and ultrastructure of beef M. longissimus dorsi frozen at different freezing rates

The influence of freezing rate on location, shape and size of ice crystals formed during freezing of beef M. longissimus dorsi, as well as its influence on ultrastructure, were investigated. Muscle samples were frozen at different rates: 0·22 cm/h and 0·39 cm/h (cooling agent was chilled air), and 3·33 cm/h, 3.95 cm/h, 4·92 cm/h and 5·66 cm/h (cooling agent was liquid carbon dioxide which expanded in the sucking-pipe of the tunnel freezer).

It was found that by slow freezing (freezing rates 0·22 cm/h and 0·39 cm/h) 30·00 μm). An increase in the freezing rate was followed by a change in ice crystal location. In this case they had also been formed intracellularly. The number of crystals increased while their size decreased.

The most intensive fibre damage was found in samples frozen at a rate of 0·22 cm/h, and the least in samples frozen at a rate of 3·95 cm/h with a freezing temperature of −50°C.     

短肢剪力墙低位梁式转换设计

以某高层住宅楼为例,介绍高层建筑短肢剪力墙低位梁式转换的设计方法,对竖向荷载作用下梁跨中转换与支座转换的力学性能进行计算分析,并探讨水平荷载作用下转换层上下层等效剪切刚度比及高位转换等问题。     

曲轴、活塞类耐磨工件的清洗磷化技术

耐磨工件的清洗磷化是一种较为完善工艺，但是随着工业品产量的快速增加、质量要求的提高，清洗方式的选用、设备中工件的输送、清洗槽的结构、也逐渐成为人们关注的焦点，本文主要介绍一种槽浸式清洗磷化设备。     

双核纷争

自从Intel推出其Dempsey处理器、Bensley平台之后,国内、国际的服务器厂商就几乎在同一时间内相继推出了自己的服务器新品。关于双核的报道再一次成为各大媒体关注的焦点。铺天盖地的双核服务器新品不断冲击着用户的眼球,不少人开始蠢蠢欲动。一向不甘落后的钱经理也着急了,对于双核,他了解不多,但是这个阵势,让他觉得服务器市场已经是双核的天下了。他急于了解有关双核的一切信息。双核纷争@i博士     

涂装烘干炉加热能源的改造

在涂装烘干炉中,天然气是一种较新的加热能源,与传统的电加热相比较,设备运行成本可节约50%,通过对电改气加热方法的探讨及改造后的测试数据,说明了能源改造的必要性。     

毛巾织物结构工艺设计及发展

随着国内外毛巾市场竞争的日趋激烈，加之亚洲金融危机对市场的影响，毛巾产品在新工艺、新技术、高档次、高附加值方面不断更新换代，追求新奇高档，既具实用性又美观大方。为在市场中抓住机遇，占领市场，获得更多客户的青睐，越来越多的组织被应用到毛巾织物中，给人耳目一新的感觉。１组织结构的发展１．１双层毛巾组织 双层毛巾组织是近几年国际市场形成的一种新型组织结构，它将双层组织和毛巾组织结合在一起，是一种变化毛巾组织，具有两个系统各自独立的经纱和纬纱。上层为毛巾组织下层为平织。织上层组织时，下层经纱全部落下；织…     

Hydrothermal treatment of bottom ash from the incineration of municipal solid waste: retention of Cs(I), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III)

The retention of Cs+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+ by the compounds formed as a result of the hydrothermal treatment of the bottom ash from the fluidized-bed incineration of municipal solid wastes is examined in this work. The amount of Cs+ retained and the distribution coefficient, Kd, were considerably lower than those for Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+, independently of the type of compounds formed by the different bottom ash treatments. The high percentage of Cs+ retained (31%), with a Kd of 222 ml/g, occurred after treatment of the bottom ash in NaOH at 200 degrees C, where zeolite-type A (Na6[AlSiO4]6.4H2O) was the major compound, together with aluminum tobermorite (Ca5Si5Al(OH)O17.5H2O). In the case of Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+, the amount retained was approximately 99% under all of the conditions studied.     

Multivariate statistical analysis of Raman images of a pharmaceutical tablet

This paper describes the application of principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) to identify the reference spectra of a pharmaceutical tablet's constituent compounds from Raman spectroscopic data. The analysis shows, first with a simulated data set and then with data collected from a pharmaceutical tablet, that both PCA and ICA are able to identify most of the features present in the reference spectra of the constituent compounds. However, the results suggest that the ICA method may be more appropriate when attempting to identify unknown reference spectra from a sample. The resulting PCA and ICA models are subsequently used to estimate the relative concentrations of the constituent compounds and to produce spatial distribution images of the analyzed tablet. These images provide a visual representation of the spatial distribution of the constituent compounds throughout the tablet. Images associated with the ICA scores are found to be more informative and not as affected by measurement noise as the PCA based score images. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future work that needs to be undertaken for ICA to gain wider acceptance in the applied spectroscopy community.