Examining alcohol outcome expectancies in laboratory and naturalistic bar settings: A within-subject experimental analysis.

Using a within-subject design, this study investigated the situational-specificity hypothesis, namely that alcohol outcome expectancies (AOEs), subjective evaluations of AOEs, and the speed with which AOEs are accessed from memory vary as a function of environmental setting. Thirty-nine undergraduates (20 women), of legal drinking age, responded to the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol questionnaire (K. Fromme, E. Stroot, & D. Kaplan, 1993) that was presented on a laptop computer in 2 counterbalanced contexts: a laboratory setting and an on-campus bar. Response latencies served as dependent measures for memory accessibility. Consistent with previous research (A.-M. Wall, S. A. McKee, & R. E. Hinson, 2000), evidence in support of the situational-specificity hypothesis was found. Specifically, environmental context influenced undergraduates' expectations concerning alcohol's effects and subjective evaluations of AOEs, as well as the speed with which specific AOEs were accessed from memory. Overall, these findings suggest the need for greater attention to situational variation in AOEs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sphingosine 1-phosphate pKa and binding constants: intramolecular and intermolecular influences

The dissociation constant for an ionizable ligand binding to a receptor is dependent on its charge and therefore on its environmentally-influenced pKa value. The pKa values of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) were studied computationally in the context of the wild type S1P1 receptor and the following mutants: E3.29Q, E3.29A, and K5.38A. Calculated pKa values indicate that S1P binds to S1P1 and its site mutants with a total charge of -1, including a +1 charge on the ammonium group and a -2 charge on the phosphate group. The dissociation constant of S1P binding to these receptors was studied as well. The models of wild type and mutant proteins originated from an active receptor model that was developed previously. We used ab initio RHF/6-31+G(d) to optimize our models in aqueous solution, where the solvation energy derivatives are represented by conductor-like polarizable continuum model (C-PCM) and integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model (IEF-PCM). Calculation of the dissociation constant for each mutant was determined by reference to the experimental dissociation constant of the wild type receptor. The computed dissociation constants of the E3.29Q and E3.29A mutants are three to five orders of magnitude higher than those for the wild type receptor and K5.38A mutant, indicating vital contacts between the S1P phosphate group and the carboxylate group of E3.29. Computational dissociation constants for K5.38A, E3.29A, and E3.29Q mutants were compared with experimentally determined binding and activation data. No measurable binding of S1P to the E3.29A and E3.29Q mutants was observed, supporting the critical contacts observed computationally. These results validate the quantitative accuracy of the model.     

The experience of anger and sadness in everyday problems impacts age differences in emotion regulation.

The authors examined regulation of the discrete emotions anger and sadness in adolescents through older adults in the context of describing everyday problem situations. The results support previous work; in comparison to younger age groups, older adults reported that they experienced less anger and reported that they used more passive and fewer proactive emotion-regulation strategies in interpersonal situations. The experience of anger partially mediated age differences in the use of proactive emotion regulation. This suggests that at least part of the reason why older adults use fewer proactive emotion-regulation strategies is their decreased experience of anger. Results are discussed in the context of lifespan theories of emotional development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ongoing physical activity advice by humans versus computers: The Community Health Advice by Telephone (CHAT) Trial.

Purpose: Given the prevalence of physical inactivity among American adults, convenient, low-cost interventions are strongly indicated. This study determined the 6- and 12-month effectiveness of telephone interventions delivered by health educators or by an automated computer system in promoting physical activity. Design: Initially inactive men and women age 55 years and older (N = 218) in stable health participated. Participants were randomly assigned to human advice, automated advice, or health education control. Measures: The validated 7-day physical activity recall interview was used to estimate minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Physical activity differences by experimental arm were verified on a random subsample via accelerometry. Results: Using intention-to-treat analysis, at 6 months, participants in both interventions, although not differing from one another, showed significant improvements in weekly physical activity compared with controls. These differences were generally maintained at 12 months, with both intervention arms remaining above the target of 150 min per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity on average. Conclusion: Automated telephone-linked delivery systems represent an effective alternative for delivering physical activity advice to inactive older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

新颖之旅

1.烟灰缸 以“Too Young To Die（想死嫌早）”为主题的烟灰缸，用一个叼着烟、带有邪邪眼神、打扮清纯的少女图案传达出趣味主题。439元 CerealArt     

Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation.

The primary aim of the present research was to examine the effect of training in negating stereotype associations on stereotype activation. Across 3 studies, participants received practice in negating stereotypes related to skinhead and racial categories. The subsequent automatic activation of stereotypes was measured using either a primed Stroop task (Studies 1 and 2) or a person categorization task (Study 3). The results demonstrate that when receiving no training or training in a nontarget category stereotype, participants exhibited spontaneous stereotype activation. After receiving an extensive amount of training related to a specific category, however, participants demonstrated reduced stereotype activation. The results from the training task provide further evidence for the impact of practice on participants' proficiency in negating stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Moderators and mediators of exercise-induced objective sleep improvements in midlife and older adults with sleep complaints.

Objective: Exercise can improve sleep quality, but for whom and by what means remains unclear. We examined moderators and mediators of objective sleep improvements in a 12-month randomized controlled trial among underactive midlife and older adults reporting mild/moderate sleep complaints. Methods: Participants (N = 66, 67% women, 55–79 years) were randomized to moderate-intensity exercise or health education control. Putative moderators were gender, age, physical function, self-reported global sleep quality, and physical activity levels. Putative mediators were changes in BMI, depressive symptoms, and physical function at 6 months. Objective sleep outcomes measured by in-home polysomnography were percent time in Stage I sleep, percent time in Stage II sleep, and number of awakenings during the first third of sleep at 12 months. Results: Baseline physical function and sleep quality moderated changes in Stage I sleep; individuals with higher initial physical function (p = .01) and poorer sleep quality (p = .03) had greater improvements. Baseline physical activity level moderated changes in Stage II sleep (p = .04) and number of awakenings (p = .01); more sedentary individuals had greater improvements. Decreased depressive symptoms (CI:-1.57 to ?0.02) mediated change in Stage I sleep. Decreased depressive symptoms (CI:-0.75 to ?0.01), decreased BMI (CI:-1.08 to ?0.06), and increased physical function (CI: 0.01 to 0.72) mediated change in number of awakenings. Conclusions: Initially less active individuals with higher initial physical function and poorer sleep quality improved the most. Affective, functional, and metabolic mediators specific to sleep architecture parameters were suggested. These results indicate strategies to more efficiently treat poor sleep through exercise in older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Walnut shell and meat differentiation using fluorescence hyperspectral imagery with ICA-kNN optimal wavelength selection

In recent years, fluorescence hyperspectral imaging technology has received more attention in the food inspection field because of its ability to distinguish multiple chemical ingredients. However, one persistent problem associated with this technology is how to deal with the huge amount of data acquired by the hyperspectral imaging device, and hence improve the efficiency of the application system. To solve the aforementioned problem, this paper proposed using an Independent Component Analysis with k Nearest Neighbor classifier (ICA-kNN) approach to differentiate walnut shells from walnut meat. This project will meet two goals: (1) select optimal wavelengths to reduce data redundancy, and (2) classify walnut shells or meat according to selected wavelengths. First, the ICA ranking method was applied to select 4–10 optimal wavelengths based on their ability to distinguish the four walnut shell and meat categories: dark meat, light meat, inner shell and outer shell. Then, the kNN classifier was used to distinguish walnut shells from meat according to the computed optimal wavelengths. A total of 5,496 samples were studied, and an overall 90.6% detection rate was achieved given 10 optimal wavelengths, which constituted only 13% of the total acquired hyperspectral image data. In order to further evaluate the proposed method, the classification results of the ICA-kNN approach were also compared to the kNN classifier method alone. The experimental results showed that the ICA-kNN method with a few wavelengths had the same performance as the kNN classifier alone using information from all 79 wavelengths. This demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed ICA-kNN method to classify walnut shells and meat.     

Can we identify who will adhere to long-term physical activity? Signal detection methodology as a potential aid to clinical decision making.

Signal detection methodology was used to identify the best combination of predictors of long-term exercise adherence in 269 healthy, initially sedentary adults ages 50-65 years. Less educated individuals who were assigned to supervised home-based exercise of either higher or lower intensity and who were less stressed and less fit at baseline than other individuals had the greatest probability of successful adherence by the 2nd year. Overweight individuals assigned to a group-based exercise program were the least likely to be successful 2 years later. Predictors of short-term (1-year) adherence were generally similar to predictors of 2-year adherence. Signal detection analysis may be useful for identifying subgroups of people at risk for underadherence who subsequently might be targeted for intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by A. C. King et al (Health Psychology, 1993[Jul], Vol 12[4], 292–300). On page 295, the significance levels for Table 1 were left out. A corrected version of Table 1 is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1993-47465-001.) The 12-mo effects of exercise training on psychological outcomes in adults (aged 50–65 yrs) were evaluated. Ss (N?=?357) were randomly assigned to assessment-only control or to higher intensity group, higher intensity home, or lower intensity home exercise training. Exercisers showed reductions in perceived stress and anxiety in relation to controls. Reductions in stress were particularly notable in smokers. Regardless of program assignment, greater exercise participation was significantly related to less anxiety and fewer depressive symptoms, independent of changes in fitness or body weight. It is concluded that neither a group format nor vigorous activity was essential in attaining psychological benefits from exercise training in healthy adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)