Differencing and merging of architectural views

Differencing and merging architectural views is an important activity in software engineering. However, existing approaches are still based on restrictive assumptions, such as requiring view elements to have unique identifiers or exactly matching types, which is often not the case in many application domains. We propose an approach based on structural information. We generalize a published polynomial-time tree-to-tree correction algorithm that detects inserts, renames and deletes, into a novel algorithm that additionally detects restricted moves. Our algorithm also supports forcing and preventing matches between view elements. We incorporate the algorithm into tools to compare and merge Component-and-Connector (C&C) architectural views. We provide an empirical evaluation of the algorithm. We illustrate the tools using extended examples, and use them to detect and reconcile interesting differences between real architectural views. This article is an expanded version of the following paper: Abi-Antoun, M., Aldrich, J., Nahas, N., Schmerl, B., and Garlan, D: 2006, ‘Differencing and Merging of Architectural Views’. In: Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, pp. 47–58.     

Testing Forecast Accuracy of Foreign Exchange Rates: Predictions from Feed Forward and Various Recurrent Neural Network Architectures

In this research, we work with data of futures contracts on foreign exchange rates for British pound (BP), Canadian dollar (CD), and Japanese yen (JY) that are traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) against US dollars. We model relationships between exchange rates in these currencies using linear models, feed forward artificial neural networks (ANN), and three versions of recurrent neural networks (RNN1, RNN2 and RNN3) for predicting exchange rates in these currencies against the US dollar. Our results on forecast evaluations based on AGS test the tests of forecast equivalence between any two competing models among the entire models employed for each of the series show that ANN and the three versions of RNN models offer superior forecasts for predicting BP, CD and JY exchange rates although the forecast evaluations based on MGN test are in sharp contrast. On the other hand forecast based on SIGN test shows that ANN and all the versions of RNN models offer superior forecasts for BP and CD in exception of JY exchange rates. The results for forecast evaluation for all the models for each of the series based on summary measures of forecast evaluations show that RNN3 model appears to offer the most accurate predictions of BP and RNN1 for JP exchange rates. However, none of the RNN models appear to be statistically superior to the benchmark (i.e., linear model) for predicting CD exchange rates.      

An optimized modular neural network controller based on environment classification and selective sensor usage for mobile robot reactive navigation

A new approach to the design of a neural network (NN) based navigator is proposed in which the mobile robot travels to a pre-defined goal position safely and efficiently without any prior map of the environment. This navigator can be optimized for any user-defined objective function through the use of an evolutionary algorithm. The motivation of this research is to develop an efficient methodology for general goal-directed navigation in generic indoor environments as opposed to learning specialized primitive behaviors in a limited environment. To this end, a modular NN has been employed to achieve the necessary generalization capability across a variety of indoor environments. Herein, each NN module takes charge of navigating in a specialized local environment, which is the result of decomposing the whole path into a sequence of local paths through clustering of all the possible environments. We verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithm over a variety of both simulated and real unstructured indoor environments using our autonomous mobile robot platform.     

Detection and classification of road signs in natural environments

An automatic road sign recognition system first locates road signs within images captured by an imaging sensor on-board of a vehicle, and then identifies the detected road signs. This paper presents an automatic neural-network-based road sign recognition system. First, a study of the existing road sign recognition research is presented. In this study, the issues associated with automatic road sign recognition are described, the existing methods developed to tackle the road sign recognition problem are reviewed, and a comparison of the features of these methods is given. Second, the developed road sign recognition system is described. The system is capable of analysing live colour road scene images, detecting multiple road signs within each image, and classifying the type of road signs detected. The system consists of two modules: detection and classification. The detection module segments the input image in the hue-saturation-intensity colour space, and then detects road signs using a Multi-layer Perceptron neural-network. The classification module determines the type of detected road signs using a series of one to one architectural Multi-layer Perceptron neural networks. Two sets of classifiers are trained using the Resillient-Backpropagation and Scaled-Conjugate-Gradient algorithms. The two modules of the system are evaluated individually first. Then the system is tested as a whole. The experimental results demonstrate that the system is capable of achieving an average recognition hit-rate of 95.96% using the scaled-conjugate-gradient trained classifiers.     

RBF neural networks for solving the inverse problem of backscattering spectra

This paper investigates a new method to solve the inverse problem of Rutherford backscattering (RBS) data. The inverse problem is to determine the sample structure information from measured spectra, which can be defined as a function approximation problem. We propose using radial basis function (RBF) neural networks to approximate an inverse function. Each RBS spectrum, which may contain up to 128 data points, is compressed by the principal component analysis, so that the dimensionality of input data and complexity of the network are reduced significantly. Our theoretical consideration is tested by numerical experiments with the example of the SiGe thin film sample and corresponding backscattering spectra. A comparison of the RBF method with multilayer perceptrons reveals that the former has better performance in extracting structural information from spectra. Furthermore, the proposed method can handle redundancies properly, which are caused by the constraint of output variables. This study is the first method based on RBF to deal with the inverse RBS data analysis problem.     

Specification of communicating processes: temporal logic versus refusals-based refinement

In this paper we consider the relationship between refinement-oriented specification and specifications using a temporal logic. We investigate the extent to which one can check whether a program in a process algebra, such as Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP), satisfies a temporal logic specification using a refinement-based model checker, such as FDR. We consider what atomic formulae are appropriate in a temporal logic for specifying communicating processes, in particular where one wants to talk about the availability of events. We then show that, perhaps surprisingly, the standard stable failures model is not adequate for capturing specifications in such a logic: instead the refusal traces model must be used. We formalise the logic by giving it a semantics in this model. We show that the temporal operators eventually and until, and negation, cannot, in general, be tested for via simple refinement checks. For the remaining fragment of the logic, we present a translation into simple refinement checks. Finally, we show that refusal traces equivalence is characterised by a slightly augmented version of that fragment. M. J. Butler     

Peristaltic micropump system with piezoelectric actuators

This work presents a driving system for a peristaltic micropump that is based on piezoelectric actuation. The effects of the actuation sequence on pump performance are also considered. A valveless peristaltic micropump based on piezoelectric actuation is designed and fabricated using microelectromechanical system technology. The pump has three parts––silicon, Pyrex glass and commercially available bulk PZT (lead zirconate titanate) chips. The peristaltic micropump actuated by PZT chips comprises three chambers that are in series. The driving system consists of an ATmega 8535 microprocessor, a high voltage power supply, three differential amplifiers, a phase controller, an A/D converter, a 555 oscillator and an LCD module. It is supplied via a 110 Vrms 60-Hz AC line and is programmable. The system can produce step-function signals with voltages of up to 100 V_pp and frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 1 kHz, as the inputs for the pump. Fluid pumping with air is successfully demonstrated. Additionally, 3-, 4- and 6-phase actuation sequences for the pump are designed and used to study the effects on pump performance, as revealed by the flow rate and the displacement of a pump diaphragm. The experimental results show that the flow rate and the displacement of the diaphragm actuated by the 4-phase sequence exceed those actuated by the 3- and 6-phase sequences. A flow rate of 17.6 μl min⁻¹ and a displacement of 2.91 μm (peak-to-peak) in 4-phase peristaltic motion are achieved at 100 Hz and 100 V_pp. The results demonstrate that the pump actuated in the 4-phase sequence is the most efficient. Consequently, the actuation sequences can affect the pump performance.     

Direct microscale imprinting of Al at room temperature with Si inserts

For direct imprinting of metals, hard materials such as diamond and SiC have been used to construct mold inserts in preference to Si, despite the ease in fabricating Si-based micro-/nano- scale structures. In this communication, we demonstrate that micron scale Al structures can be replicated with good fidelity at room temperature by compression molding with Si inserts without incurring insert damage. We further report on results of a finite element analysis of the mechanics of the molding process. The finite element results provide some understanding of the observed lack of damage to the Si inserts.     

Design and dynamics of an innovative micro gyroscope against coupling effects

This paper presents an innovative micro gyroscope design. The proposed tri-axis gyroscope possesses the capability of detecting three-dimensional angular motions. The motion of each sensing element is, by elaborate mechanical design, restricted to move in orthogonal direction to each other such that the measurements by high-resolution capacitors with signal processing circuits are decoupled and precisely represent, to some extent, angular velocity components in three axes. The drive electrode comb is used to constantly vibrate the proof mass in tangential direction by sinusoidal voltage. The signal bandwidth is increased by distributed translational proof masses, placed ninety degree apart from each other. Each individual proof mass is designed to move solely in radial direction so that superior mode matching can be achieved. In order to ensure better repeatability and more reliability, the suspension flexures and damping effects are studied such that stress of the proposed micro gyroscope is reduced but the span of angular displacements is increased. Owing to the complicated geometry of the suspension flexures, finite element method (FEM) is employed to obtain more exact stiffness values and compared with theoretical analysis. The dynamic model of the proposed gyroscope is established to include non-linear terms and embedded mechanical constraints. The entire micro device can be produced merely by surface fabrication such that the mass production cost can be considered at the design stage, while the resolution, bandwidth and decoupling capability of tri-axis detection are enhanced.