Effects of hydrophobicity of the cathode catalyst layer on the performance of a PEM fuel cell

The effects of hydrophobicity of the cathode catalyst layer on the performance of a PEM fuel cell are studied. The surface contact angle is measured to understand the changes of the hydrophobicity of the cathode catalyst layer upon the addition of hydrophobic dimethyl silicone oil (DSO). The results show that the contact angle increases with the DSO loadings in the cathode catalyst layer ranging from 0 to 0.65 mg/cm². The subsequent electrochemical measurements of the fuel cells with various cathodes reveal that the addition of DSO in the cathode catalyst layer can effectively prevent the cathode flooding at high current density, thus leading to a much higher limiting current density and the maximum power density when compared to the fuel cell with a normal cathode. An optimal DSO loading in the cathode catalyst layer is found to be around 0.5 mg/cm² under the testing conditions in this work. The fuel cell with cathode loaded with 0.5 mg/cm² can reach the maximum power density of 356 mW/cm² in H₂/air (or 709 mW/cm² in H₂/O₂) at room temperature, which is around 2.5 times in H₂/air (or 1.8 times in H₂/O₂) of that with normal cathode. All of the results indicate that the hydrophobicity of the cathode catalyst layer plays a crucial role in the water management of the fuel cell. The possible function of the DSO on improved oxygen solubility for the oxygen starved cathode during flooding warrants some further investigation.     

供热系统采用微机控制与调节设备相结合的探讨

热网系统不平衡造成“近热远冷”;采用SNI城市热网控制系统后一次网的自动控制;采用自力式流量控制阀以后二次网的调节,从而保证整个系统的正常运行。     

New citric esters with aromatic content and a complex structure considered for use as tribological fluids

This paper presents the results of research carried out to produce synthetic ester oils with a mixed structure, based on citric acid, with beneficial tribological properties and potential biodegradability. Two series of unsymmetrical triesters have been synthesised by varying the molar relationship between aliphatic alcohols from C₁, to C₁₃ along with an alcohol of a complex alkyl‐aryl structure, namely 2‐[(p‐nonyl)phenoxy]ethanol. The variation of the principal properties as a function of the length of the aliphatic chain introduced by the aliphatic alcohol and the aromatic content introduced by the alkyl‐aryl alcohol has been assessed. The wide range of viscosities of these triesters demonstrates their versatility, and the natural citric acid origin holds potential for their having good ecological characteristics.     

Isolation and characterisation of six novel mycobacteriophages and investigation of their antimicrobial potential in milk

Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a rapidly growing host, six mycobacteriophages were isolated from a variety of environmental sources and characterised by restriction endonuclease digestion. All six phages had long, non-contractile tails and isometric heads characteristic of Siphoviridae and were relatively heat-stable up to 72 °C and generally retained infectivity at pH4–pH10 for 60 min. Each individual phage, when tested against M. smegmatis in both growth media and reconstituted milk, typically reduced host numbers by up to 7 logs. When all 6 phages were combined as a cocktail in milk, a strong bactericidal effect on M. smegmatis was observed over 96 h, evidenced by a 9-log reduction in host cell numbers. These results achieved against M. smegmatis, indicate that mycophages may have a potential application as anti-mycobacterial agents when used against more virulent pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, which has been detected in both raw and pasteurised milk.     

On the expressiveness of second-order spider diagrams

Existing diagrammatic notations based on Euler diagrams are mostly limited in expressiveness to monadic first-order logic with an order predicate. The most expressive monadic diagrammatic notation is known as spider diagrams of order. A primary contribution of this paper is to develop and formalise a second-order diagrammatic logic, called second-order spider diagrams, extending spider diagrams of order. A motivation for this lies in the limited expressiveness of first-order logics. They are incapable of defining a variety of common properties, like ‘is even’, which are second-order definable. We show that second-order spider diagrams are at least as expressive as monadic second-order logic. This result is proved by giving a method for constructing a second-order spider diagram for any regular expression. Since monadic second-order logic sentences and regular expressions are equivalent in expressive power, this shows second-order spider diagrams can express any sentence of monadic second-order logic.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘侏罗系展布与层序地层格架特征

准噶尔盆地侏罗系层序级别的划分,受西北缘主断裂构造活动的影响,主断裂下盘侏罗系地层较厚,而在断裂带上盘较薄,部分地区缺失.根据研究区内的钻井、测井和地震资料,应用层序地层学理论与研究方法将准噶尔盆地西北缘侏罗系划分出2个构造层序(JTS1,JTS2)、7个层序(I-VII)和10个体系域.煤的发育在层序划分中具有重要的意义.准噶尔盆地西北缘侏罗系层序地层的控制因素包括构造运动、物源供应、湖平面升降、气候条件,其中构造运动和湖平面升降是控制层序发育的主要因素.     

电子对效应对D-T次生γ密度测量的影响

为研究电子对效应对D-T可控中子源地层密度测量精度的影响,本文首先分析传统的化学源密度测井原理,其次研究中子次生γ射线发生电子对效应与康普顿散射的质量衰减系数差异,并使用蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究传统密度测井和中子次生源密度测量精度,计算其误差大小、分析误差来源和提出校正方法。结果表明,密度测井主要利用γ射线的康普顿散射,当使用中子次生的高能γ射线测量地层密度时,其精度比化学源方法低,这种误差主要是由于高能γ射线的电子对效应引起,最大可以达到传统方法的2.7倍;电子对效应对于地层岩性比较敏感,如果对衰减的γ信号进行岩性校正,则可以提高密度测量的精度。