Antioxidant capacities of phenolic compounds and tocopherols from Tunisian pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits

This article aims to determine the phenolic, tocopherol contents, and antioxidant capacities from fruits (juices, peels, and seed oils) of 6 Tunisian pomegranate ecotypes. Total anthocyanins were determined by a differential pH method. Hydrolyzable tannins were determined with potassium iodate. The tocopherol (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol) contents were, respectively, 165.77, 107.38, and 27.29 mg/100 g from dry seed. Four phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in pomegranate peel and pulp using the high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet method: 2 hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic and ellagic acids) and 2 hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic and p-coumaric acids). Juice, peel, and seed oil antioxidants were confirmed by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. The highest values were recorded in peels with 25.63 mmol trolox equivalent/100 g and 22.08 mmol TE/100 g for FRAP and ORAC assay, respectively. Results showed that the antioxidant potency of pomegranate extracts was correlated with their phenolic compound content. In particular, the highest correlation was reported in peels. High correlations were also found between peel hydroxybenzoic acids and FRAP ORAC antioxidant capacities. Identified tocopherols seem to contribute in major part to the antioxidant activity of seed oil. The results implied that bioactive compounds from the peel might be potential resources for the development of antioxidant function dietary food.     

Occurrence,types, properties and interactions of phenolic compounds with other food constituents in oil-bearing plants

ABSTRACT

Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly with regards to their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. An evolving area of research involving phenolics in foods and their products pertains to the functional, biological, and nutritional consequences resulting from the binding between certain phenolic compounds and the macronutrient and micronutrient constituents of foods. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of studies investigating endogenous phenolic interactions with major components in food systems, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins, with a focus on the phenolic compounds and nutrients in oil-bearing plants. Another major objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical nature of phenolic interactions with food constituents that could affect the quality, nutritional and functional properties of foods. Such information can assist in the discovery and optimization of specific phenolic complexes in plant-based foods that could be utilized towards various applications in the food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.     

Antibacterial action of vegetable extracts on the growth of pathogenic bacteria

Under controlled conditions, extracts of garlic, onion, turnip, green peppers and radishes were used to inhibit Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysentriae and Staphylococcus aureus, which are all pathogenic bacteria. It was found that 1–4% by vol. of garlic extract completely inhibited the growth of all the bacteria used. 4% by vol. of onion extract completely inhibited the growth of both Shigella dysentriae and Staphylococcus aureus at 10^–6 dilution. Salmonella typhosa and E. coli were not completely inhibited; the inhibition was 48·3% for E. coli and 95·3% for Salmonella typhosa. At 10^–4 bacterial dilution, onion extract decreased the colony number substantially in all four bacteria. 4% extracts from turnip, green peppers and radishes did not show a definite antibacterial action against any bacterium at the given dilutions. On the contrary some growth stimulating activity of these extracts on some bacteria was observed.     

Study nonlinear vibration of cross‐ply laminated plates using scale models

This article describes the establishment of necessary similarity conditions for geometrically nonlinear vibrations of thin cross‐ply laminated plates. The Von‐karman's strain‐displacement relations have been employed to model structural nonlinearity of the system. The Galerkin procedure is used to reduce the nonlinear partial differential equations to a nonlinearly second‐order ordinary differential equation. An analytical investigation based on the direct use of the governing equations of the systems is undertaken to derive the necessary scaling laws and similarity conditions. In this study, a set of scaling laws are introduced that can predict the nonlinear free vibration frequency of the prototypes by projecting the frequency of the model, accurately. The effects of distorted models with relaxations in the number of plies, stacking sequence, and different vibration amplitudes are studied. The results presented herein indicate that models with different relaxations can predict the nonlinear vibration frequency of prototypes with good accuracy. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:752–758, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation and characterization of thermally conductive thermoplastic polyurethane/h‐BN nanocomposites

Polyurethane nanocomposites are versatile engineering polymers with unique properties. In this study, nano hexagonal boron nitride containing thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers were prepared via melt blending and hot‐pressing techniques. The nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, tensile tests, and thermal conductivity measurements. The surface morphology of the TPU/h‐BN composites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The optical properties of the composites were determined by UV transmittance measurements and as the amount of h‐BN increased, optical transparencies decreased dramatically. Nanocomposites displayed higher E‐modulus values and lower elongation at break values than the pure TPU elastomer. Char yields of TPUs increased with increasing h‐BN percentage. Moreover, thermal conductivity of the composite materials improved with the incorporation of h‐BN. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:530–538, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Simple Method for Prediction of the Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Formation of Energetic Compounds

A reliable simple method for prediction of the standard Gibbs energy of formation (Δ_fG^θ) of energetic compounds containing nitroaromatic, acyclic, and cyclic nitramine, nitrate ester, and nitroaliphatic compounds is introduced herein. The method is based on the contribution of elemental composition (Δ_fG_elem^θ) and the correcting function for the presence of additive and non‐additive molecular fragments (Δ_fG_corr^θ). In presence of some molecular moieties, Δ_fG_corr^θ may increase or decrease the value of Δ_fG_elem^θ, depending on the intermolecular interactions. The experimental root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the novel correlation (22.7 kJ mol⁻¹) is quite good. For some energetic compounds, where the computed values of two complex models of the quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) theory were available, the experimental RMSE developed by the new method is smaller than the values obtained by QSPR method.     

The Effect of the Relief Wave on the Uniformity of an Air Blast Load

In most blast loading structure analyses, it is assumed that the load acts uniformly on a target area. For the rationable design, it is useful to have a quantitative criterion to determine at which maximum distance the standoff can be placed to assume a uniform pressure distribution. Surprisingly, no standard criterion was found in the literature and the effect of blast wave clearing was not considered as well. In this paper, pressure histories applied on structures are calculated considering the non‐uniform loading characteristic as well as pressure relief from the edges. Additionally, the effects of various parameters on uniformity of impulse distribution are investigated. The results have shown that the effect of pressure relief on impulse uniformity is very important, especially when the blast wave is attenuated. This phenomenon leads an optimum distance at which impulse distribution is the most uniform.     

Stabilization loop of a two axes gimbal system using self-tuning PID type fuzzy controller

The application of inertial stabilization system is to stabilize the sensor's line of sight toward a target by isolating the sensor from the disturbances induced by the operating environment. The aim of this paper is to present two axes gimbal system. The gimbals torque relationships are derived using Lagrange equation considering the base angular motion and dynamic mass unbalance. The stabilization loops are constructed with cross coupling unit utilizing proposed fuzzy PID type controller. The overall control system is simulated and validated using MATLAB. Then, the performance of proposed controller is evaluated comparing with conventional PI controller in terms of transient response analysis and quantitative study of error analysis. The simulation results obtained in different conditions prove the efficiency of the proposed fuzzy controller which offers a better response than the classical one, and improves further the transient and steady-state performance.     

A new link function in GLM-based control charts to improve monitoring of two-stage processes with Poisson response

In this paper, a new procedure is developed to monitor a two-stage process with a second stage Poisson quality characteristic. In the proposed method, log and square root link functions are first combined to introduce a new link function that establishes a relationship between the Poisson variable of the second stage and the quality characteristic of the first stage. Then, the standardized residual statistic, which is independent of the quality characteristic in the previous stage and follows approximately standardized normal distribution, is computed based on the proposed link function. Then, Shewhart and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) cause-selecting charts are utilized to monitor standardized residuals. Finally, two examples and a case study with a Poisson response variable are investigated, and the performance of the charts is evaluated by using average run length (ARL) criterion in comparison with the best literature method.     

The metabolism and analysis of isoflavones and other dietary polyphenols in foods and biological systems

Polyphenols in dietary and botanical matrices are usually present as simple and complex O-glycosides. In fermented dietary materials, the glycosidic moiety is removed and accompanied in some cases by more complex changes to the polyphenol. As for most xenobiotics, polyphenols undergo phase II conjugation in the intestinal wall during their absorption from the gut. In contrast, a few polyphenols, such as puerarin in the kudzu vine, are C-glycosides and are stable in the gut and during absorption, distribution and excretion. Large bowel bacteria reduce polyphenol aglycones, causing opening of the heterocyclic B-ring and ring cleavage. The products are mostly absorbed and enter the bloodstream. Phase I and II metabolism events occur in the intestine and the liver - most polyphenols predominantly circulate as β-glucuronides and sulfate esters with very little as the aglycones, the presumed active forms. In addition, metabolism can occur in non-hepatic tissues and cells including breast tumor cells that have variable amounts of cytochrome P450s, sulfatase and sulfotransferase activities. Inflammatory cells produce chemical oxidants (HOCl, HOBr, ONO(2)(-)) that will react with polyphenols. The isoflavones daidzein and genistein and the flavonol quercetin form mono- and dichlorinated products in reaction with HOCl. Genistein is converted to 3'-nitrogenistein in the lung tissue of lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. Whereas polyphenols that can be converted to quinones or epoxides react with glutathione (GSH) to form adducts, chlorinated isoflavones do not react with GSH; instead, they are converted to β-glucuronides and are excreted in bile. Analysis of polyphenols and their metabolites is routinely carried out with great sensitivity, specificity and quantification by LC-tandem mass spectrometry. Critical questions about the absorption and tissue uptake of complex polyphenols such as the proanthocyanins can be answered by labeling these polyphenols with (14)C-sucrose in plant cell culture and then purifying them for use in animal experiments. The (14)C signature is quantified using accelerator mass spectrometry, a technique capable of detecting one (14)C atom in 10(15) carbon atoms. This permits the study of the penetration of the polyphenols into the interstitial fluid, the fluid that is actually in contact with non-vascular cells.