Calcium carbonate and wood reinforced hybrid PVC composites

In this article, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sandwich‐structured hybrid composites with amorphous calcium carbonate and wood‐filled cores were obtained by compression molding. It has been determined that wood addition up to a weight ratio of 33% reported to the total filler amount is beneficial in improving both the inter‐filler and filler‐matrix interfacial adhesion, which alongside with the promoting of the amorphous PVC matrix crystallization is responsible for an increase up to 34% in the flexural strength of the composites, compared to unfilled PVC. The hybrid filled composites present up to 35% lower friction coefficients and up to 20% higher Brinell hardness values than the composites filled with calcium carbonate alone. Subsequently, wood addition determines an increase in the oxidation onset temperature for PVC and an increase with up to 20% in the sound and thermal‐insulative properties of the composites, compared to unfilled PVC. The dominating dispersive part of the composites surface energy aids in improving the mass and dimensional stability of the assembly to both water and dilute hydrochloric acid aqueous solutions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46317.     

Whole-body impedance control of wheeled mobile manipulators

Humanoid service robots in domestic environments have to interact with humans and their surroundings in a safe and reliable way. One way to manage that is to equip the robotic systems with force-torque sensors to realize a physically compliant whole-body behavior via impedance control. To provide mobility, such robots often have wheeled platforms. The main advantage is that no balancing effort has to be made compared to legged humanoids. However, the nonholonomy of most wheeled systems prohibits the direct implementation of impedance control due to kinematic rolling constraints that must be taken into account in modeling and control. In this paper we design a whole-body impedance controller for such a robot, which employs an admittance interface to the kinematically controlled mobile platform. The upper body impedance control law, the platform admittance interface, and the compensation of dynamic couplings between both subsystems yield a passive closed loop. The convergence of the state to an invariant set is shown. To prove asymptotic stability in the case of redundancy, priority-based approaches can be employed. In principle, the presented approach is the extension of the well-known and established impedance controller to mobile robots. Experimental validations are performed on the humanoid robot Rollin’ Justin. The method is suitable for compliant manipulation tasks with low-dimensional planning in the task space.     

复杂铝电解质体系中锂盐和钾盐对氧化铝浓度的影响

我国铝电解企业所使用的原料氧化铝来源复杂,特别是富含锂、钾元素,造成锂盐、钾盐在铝电解质体系中大量富集,导致铝电解质成分复杂,对氧化铝的溶解过程造成极大影响。依据大量生产控制数据,解析了氟化锂、氟化钾在复杂铝电解质体系中对氧化铝的溶解性能的影响关系。结果表明,电解质体系中的锂盐、钾盐与冰晶石反应生成氟化锂、氟化钾。在低氟化锂浓度(3.00%)时,氧化铝浓度随着氟化锂浓度的增加而降低;在高氟化锂浓度(3.00%)时,氧化铝浓度随着氟化锂浓度的增加而增加。氧化铝的浓度随着氟化钾浓度的增加而增加;在复杂铝电解质体系中氟化锂的浓度控制在1.50%～2.50%可以保持铝电解过程的最优状态,铝电解质体系中尽量避免含氟化钾。     

Type of polypropylene material significantly influences the migration of antioxidants from polymer packaging to food simulants during microwave heating

Three different polypropylene materials, polypropylene homopolymer (PP), propylene‐ethylene random copolymer (PP‐R), and propylene‐ethylene copolymer (PP‐C) are commonly used in plastic containers designed for microwave heating of food. Migration of antioxidants, Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, from PP, PP‐R, and PP‐C during microwave heating in contact with different food simulants was investigated by utilizing microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The polypropylene material significantly influenced the migration rate, which decreased in the order of increasing degree of crystallinity in the materials. PP homopolymer was the most migration resistant of the studied materials especially in contact with fatty food simulants. The use of isooctane as fatty food simulant resulted in rapid depletion of antioxidants, while migration to another fatty food simulant, 96% ethanol, was much more limited. Migration to aqueous and acidic food simulants was in most cases under the detection limits irrespective of microwaving time and temperature. The diffusion coefficients were similar to what have been found previously under similar conditions but without microwaves. The effect of swelling was shown by the large increase in the calculated diffusion coefficients when isooctane was used as food simulant instead of 96% ethanol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

热处理对C/C复合材料热膨胀行为的影响

以整体炭毡为预制体,采用化学气相渗透(CVI)和树脂压力浸渍-常压炭化(PIC)相结合的工艺进行了复合致密,制备了整体毡基炭/炭(C/C)复合材料。通过对不同热处理工艺下材料的轴向热膨胀行为测试,结果表明:当热处理温度从1800℃升至2500℃时,材料1000℃的热膨胀系数(CTE)由3.30×10-6/℃降低到3.00×10-6/℃;当热处理次数由1次增至2次时,材料1000℃的热膨胀系数由2.28×10-6/℃降低为2.10×10-6/℃。同时发现,当孔隙率相差84%时,热膨胀系数降低约24%。通过研究认为,热处理改变了C/C材料的微观结构,增强了材料石墨化的程度,提高了开口气孔率,可以通过合适的热处理工艺,降低材料的热膨胀系数,提高材料的热稳定性。     

Testing non-additivity (interaction) in two-way ANOVA tables with no replication

Testing for any significant interaction between two variables depends on the number of replicates in each cell of the two-way table and structure of the interaction. If there is interaction between two factors model of observations include interaction term and is called 'non-additive model' which makes interaction and non-additivity equivalent in terms of meaning. When there are several observations taken at each level combination of two variables, testing non-additivity can easily be done by usual two-way ANOVA method which cannot be used when there is only one observation per cell. For the cases with only one observation per cell, some methods have been developed starting with Tukey's one-degree-of-freedom test in which interaction is supposed to be the product of two factor's effects. There are other methods which are used for different structures of interaction when there is only one observation. In this paper, we review some of these tests. After presenting general methodology for the two-factor linear model with interaction effect and the general two-way ANOVA method when there are n > 1 observations per cell, we present some methods for testing non-additivity when there is only one observation per cell. Finally, we illustrate these methods on examples.     

最终热处理温度对针刺无纬布C/C复合材料性能的影响

以针刺无纬布预制体为增强体,采用化学气相渗透与沥青浸渍/高压炭化工艺制备高密度(≥1.90g/cm~3)的C/C复合材料,对完成致密的材料分别进行了900℃及1500℃的最终热处理,研究了最终热处理温度对C/C复合材料力学性能、热膨胀系数的影响。结果表明,与未处理的试样相比,经过最终热处理的试样孔隙率明显增大,热处理温度越高孔隙率越高,经过1500℃热处理的试样孔隙率达到9.05%,高出58.2%;经过最终热处理的试样力学性能及轴向热膨胀系数均下降,并且随着热处理温度的升高,轴向热膨胀系数降低越明显,经过1500℃处理的试样1000℃下轴向热膨胀系数由处理前的2.120×10-6/℃降至1.002×10-6/℃,降低幅度达53%,而力学性能总体降低幅度不是很大。     

Zn–Al–CO<Subscript>3</Subscript> layered double hydroxides prepared from a waste of hot-dip galvanizing process

Hot-dip galvanizing process is used worldwide to protect the steel or iron pieces from corrosion. This process is a large generator of waste, considered one of the so-called dirty industries. One of the important wastes, in terms of quantity, is zinc ash that contains a mixture of metallic zinc and zinc oxide with a total content of zinc between 70 and 90%. The aim of this study is the preparation and characterization of a series of Zn _R –Al–CO₃ (R?=?2–4) layered double hydroxides (LDH) by using as zinc precursor the zinc chloride obtained after hydrochloric acid leaching of fine-grained zinc ash. Results presented herein clearly demonstrated that characteristics of the synthesized samples are close to those of similar materials synthesized starting from analytical grade reagents. At the same time, it was observed that impurities existent in the zinc chloride solution prepared by zinc ash leaching (Pb, Fe, Ca), are found at traces in the synthesized LDH materials; therefore, they have no significant influence on the obtained LDH structure and properties. By this approach, several important benefits may be simultaneously achieved: (1) preventing the pollution associated with hot-dip galvanizing process wastes, (2) obtaining of valuable products with minimized costs, keeping in mind that LDH have multiple utilizations at industrial scale, (3) saving energy and material costs, and (4) increase of product competitiveness with respect to the circular economy.     

Flexible Oxide Thin Film Transistors,Memristors, and Their Integration

Flexible electronics have seen extensive research over the past years due to their potential stretchability and adaptability to non-flat surfaces. They are key to realizing low-power sensors and circuits for wearable electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Semiconducting metal-oxides are a prime candidate for implementing flexible electronics as their conformal deposition methods lend themselves to the idiosyncrasies of non-rigid substrates. They are also a major component for the development of resistive memories (memristors) and as such their monolithic integration with thin film electronics has the potential to lead to novel all-metal-oxide devices combining memory and computing on a single node. This review focuses on exploring the recent advances across all these fronts starting from types of suitable substrates and their mechanical properties, different types of fabrication methods for thin film transistors and memristors applicable to flexible substrates (vacuum- or solution-based), applications and comparison with rigid substrates while additionally delving into matters associated with their monolithic integration.