Establishment of the volatile profile of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ apple variety and identification of varietal markers

The volatile composition of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ (BE) apple was achieved by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–qMS) analysis using fruits from two different rootstocks (PAJAM2 and MM106), different trees of each rootstock, and different sections of each tree (north and south). Fruits were harvested in the maturity state defined for this variety and then stored for four months at 4 °C. During this period, analyses were made monthly. α-Farnesene was the compound found in the volatile profile of BE apple with the largest GC area. A large number of esters were also detected. Rootstocks, trees, and tree sections did not have statistical significance on the volatile composition of BE apples. However, the volatile composition changed throughout the storage period. The principal component analysis (PCA) allowed distinguishing between the apples obtained immediately after harvest and those stored for 4 months. In the first case, the volatile composition was related to the occurrence of aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenols and, in the second case, to esters and terpenoids. Ocymene, cymene, α-bergamotene, geranyl acetone, nerolidol, and ethyl 3-(methylthio)-propionate were identified for the first time in apples. This peculiar profile allows to propose them as varietal markers of BE apple variety. However, as this methodology has only been applied to BE apple, the occurrence of these compounds in other cultivars can not be excluded.     

Modeling delay and packet drop in Networked Control Systems using network simulator NS2

Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS) are used to implement a control mechanism over a wireless network that is capable of carrying real-time traffic. This field has drawn enormous attention from current researchers because of its flexibility and robustness. However, designing efficient WNCS over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) is still a challenging topic because of its less-predictable aspects, such as inconsistent delay, packet drop probability, and dynamic topology. This paper presents design guidelines for WNCS over MANET using the Network Simulator version 2, NS2 software. It investigates the impact of packet delay and packet drop under the AODV and DSR routing protocols. The simulation results have been compared to MATLAB results for validation.     

Clinical laboratory evaluation of potential reduced exposure products for smokers.

Smoking-related cancer and other disease account for more than 400,000 U.S. deaths annually. Smoking cessation reduces smoking-related disease rates, but relapse rates are high. Thus, interest in reducing the harm of continued smoking is growing. Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) are marketed to reduce smokers' exposure to smoke toxicants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carcinogens and may be harm reduction tools. New PREPs are proliferating, but past experience with "low-yield" cigarettes that failed to reduce smokers' toxicant exposure suggests that comprehensive evaluation is necessary to predict if these new products are likely to alter the harm caused by smoking. The purpose of the study was to develop clinical laboratory methods for PREP evaluation. Smokers (N = 35) completed four, 5-day conditions that differed by product used: Advance, Eclipse, own brand cigarettes, or no cigarettes. Carcinogen (as assessed by one nitrosamine and one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarker) and nicotine exposure were assessed via thrice-weekly urine sampling. Withdrawal symptoms were measured daily, and smoking behavior was assessed on the first and last day of each condition. Relative to own brand, Advance reduced exposure to the nitrosamine NNK and CO, and Eclipse reduced exposure to nicotine and the nitrosamine NNK, increased exposure to CO, and resulted in larger, longer, and more frequent puffs. No smoking reduced exposure to the nitrosamine NNK, CO, and nicotine, whereas withdrawal was elevated (all p values <.05). Clinical laboratory evaluation of PREPs for smokers is valuable for measuring users' smoke toxicant exposure, withdrawal, and smoking behavior and should be incorporated into a comprehensive PREP evaluation strategy.     

Cationic liposome-DNA complexes: from liquid crystal science to gene delivery applications

At present, there is an unprecedented level of interest in the properties and structures of complexes consisting of DNA mixed with oppositely charged cationic liposomes (CLs). The interest arises because the complexes mimic natural viruses as chemical carriers of DNA into cells in worldwide human gene therapy clinical trials. However, since our understanding of the mechanisms of action of CL-DNA complexes interacting with cells remains poor, significant additional insights and discoveries will be required before the development of efficient chemical carriers suitable for long-term therapeutic applications. Recent studies describe synchrotron X-ray diffraction, which has revealed the liquid crystalline nature of CL-DNA complexes, and three-dimensional laser-scanning confocal microscopy, which reveals CL-DNA pathways and interactions with cells. The importance of the liquid crystalline structures in biological function is revealed in the application of these modern techniques in combination with functional transfection efficiency measurements, which shows that the mechanism of gene release from complexes in the cell cytoplasm is dependent on their precise liquid crystalline nature and the physical and chemical parameters (for example, the membrane charge density) of the complexes. In [section sign] 5, we describe some recent new results aimed at developing bionanotube vectors for gene delivery.     

Experimental Behaviour of RC Beams Shear Strengthened with NSM CFRP Laminates

Abstract: The near‐surface mounted (NSM) is one of the most recent techniques applied for the increase of the shear resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This technique involves the installation of carbon fibre reinforcement polymers (CFRP) laminates into thin slits open on the concrete cover of the elements to strengthen. The effectiveness of this technique for the shear strengthening of T cross‐section RC beams was assessed by experimental research. For this purpose, three inclinations of laminates were tested (45º, 60º and 90º) and, for each inclination, three percentages of CFRP were applied in RC beams with a percentage of steel stirrups of 0.10% (ρ_sw). The highest percentage of laminates was designed to provide a maximum load similar to the reference RC beam, which was reinforced with a reinforcement ratio of steel stirrups of 0.28% (ρ_sw = 0.28%). For each percentage of laminates, a homologous RC beam strengthened with unidirectional U‐shaped CFRP wet lay‐up sheets (discrete strips) applied according to the externally bonded reinforcement technique was also tested, with the purpose of comparing the effectiveness of these two CFRP‐strengthening techniques. To evaluate the influence of the percentage of steel stirrups in the effectiveness of the NSM technique, some of the abovementioned CFRP configurations were also applied in beams with ρ_sw = 0.17%.     

Highly efficient electron field emission from graphene oxide sheets supported by nickel nanotip arrays

Electron field emission is a quantum tunneling phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted from a solid surface due to a strong electric field. Graphene and its derivatives are expected to be efficient field emitters due to their unique geometry and electrical properties. So far, electron field emission has only been achieved from the edges of graphene and graphene oxide sheets. We have supported graphene oxide sheets on nickel nanotip arrays to produce a high density of sharp protrusions within the sheets and then applied electric fields perpendicular to the sheets. Highly efficient and stable field emission with low turn-on fields was observed for these graphene oxide sheets, because the protrusions appear to locally enhance the electric field and dramatically increase field emission. Our simple and robust approach provides prospects for the development of practical electron sources and advanced devices based on graphene and graphene oxide field emitters.     

Development of a safety awareness group intervention for women with diverse disabilities: A pilot study.

Objective: Describe the development and preliminary evaluation of a safety awareness program for women with disabilities. Design: Baseline and postintervention questionnaires administered to a sample of women who completed a safety awareness program. Participants: Seven women with diverse disabilities. Intervention: Eight interactive sessions designed to increase protective factors. Setting: Community site for persons with disabilities. Main Outcomes: Safety self-efficacy, safety skills, social support/isolation, and safety promoting behaviors. Results: Significant increases from baseline to postintervention were found on measures of self-efficacy and safety skills. Although not statistically significant, improvements were also found in safety promoting behavior. Conclusion: Despite the small sample, findings suggest that participation in a safety awareness program may improve protective factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Whole grain in manufactured foods: Current use,challenges and the way forward

Some countries now incorporate recommendations for increased consumption of whole grain (WG) into local dietary guidelines. Cereal and pseudo-cereal grains are good sources of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, proteins, phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals. However, research shows that the large majority of consumers are still falling short of WG consumption goals. To address this, we are actively involved in research to help increase the WG content of processed foods without compromising on taste and texture. In order to ensure consumer trust, the advancement of process technologies in incorporating WG to produce tasty food has to go hand in hand with well designed clinical trials that confirm the health benefits resulting from diets rich in WG.     

Cost efficiency of Japanese steam power generation companies: A Bayesian comparison of random and fixed frontier models

This study analyses and compares the cost efficiency of Japanese steam power generation companies using the fixed and random Bayesian frontier models. We show that it is essential to account for heterogeneity in modelling the performance of energy companies. Results from the model estimation also indicate that restricting CO₂ emissions can lead to a decrease in total cost. The study finally discusses the efficiency variations between the energy companies under analysis, and elaborates on the managerial and policy implications of the results.     

Phytochemistry Profile,Nutritional Properties and Pharmacological Activities of Mauritia flexuosa

Mauritia flexuosa L. (Arecaceae) is a popular Brazilian fruit known as “buriti” and belonging to the category of functional foods. This work reviewed the phytochemistry profile, nutritional and pharmacological activities of M. flexuosa. The main bioactive compounds reported to buriti were carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, fiber, phytosterols, and mono‐ and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids. These compounds were mainly related to antioxidant, hypolipemiant, photoprotector, antiaggregant, antithrombotic, anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemiant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities. Furthermore, some compounds present in buriti fruit and its properties were tested in vitro and in vivo and showed biotechnology applications, especially for extraction of fiber, polysaccharides, pigments, antioxidants, and oil. Howerer, the buriti fruit shows great relevance to the development of new products in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, this fruit is still underexploited and it has need to expand its production chain and processing to encourage their consumption and utilization.