A story told and some lessons learned in studying young children's development of language.

Reviews the book, Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children by Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley (1996). This volume, the first booklength report of a large-scale longitudinal study conducted by the authors at the Juniper Gardens Children's Project of the University of Kansas, describes language development, and the factors associated with this development, for young children living in different socioeconomic situations. Hart and Risley's book describes the methodology and initial results of their investigation, with a strong focus on the developmental outcomes and experiences of children from 12 to 36 months of age. Why should school psychologists, with a predominant and (in many ways) appropriate focus on school-aged children, turn to this volume? The answer, I think, lies in the story that these authors tell, and in the lessons that we can learn from the way this story is told. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multi-window spectrum estimation — A linear algebraic approach

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the multi-window method for spectral estimation and sinusoid detection. The multi-window method, devised by D. J. Thomson, has many features that distinguish it from other spectrum estimation techniques. It has an elegant derivation, starting from first principles and using optimality arguments. It lends itself to performance analysis and provides a built-in measure of its reliability. In contrast to Thomson's integral equation derivation, we use linear algebraic methods both to treat the problem and to develop the solution. In addition to the tutorial, we present an overview of published generalizations and analyses of the method.     

THE POISSON WAVELET TRANSFORM

This paper introduces a family of wavelet transforms based on the Poisson Transform. The wavelet transform maps L² (R)functions to a space described by two continuous variables, scale and translation, as well as a discrete index. Reconstruction in the wavelet domain can be done for each of the discrete indices. Additionally, a different reconstruction formula exists for the Poisson Transform domain. We develop the Poisson Wavelet Transform, present an example relevant to stable, over-damped, linear, time-invariant systems, and show the relationship between the Poisson Transform and the Poisson Wavelet Transform.     

Most common dermatologic problems identified by internists, 1990-1994

BACKGROUND: Internists in all settings see many patients with skin conditions. Thus, their education in dermatology is important. Information on which areas of dermatology are most commonly seen in internal medicine practices is necessary for designing effective educational programs on skin disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine what types of dermatologic problems internists most commonly diagnose. METHODS: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 1990 to 1994 were analyzed for dermatologic diagnoses. Physicians specializing in internal medicine and all its subspecialties were compared with dermatologists and with other physicians. RESULTS: The most common skin disorders diagnosed by internists were dermatitis (15.8% of all diagnoses) and bacterial skin infections (14.0% of all diagnoses). Combined, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections included 28.3% of the most common dermatologic diagnoses made by internists. The top 10 most common diagnoses accounted for 57.9% of all skin-related diagnoses and the top 20 most common diagnoses accounted for 72.8%. Internists were more likely to see patients for bacterial skin infections, herpes infection, exanthem, urticaria, and insect bites while dermatologists more commonly saw patients for actinic and seborrheic keratoses, warts, benign and malignant skin tumors, and psoriasis. CONCLUSIONS: The most common dermatologic diseases diagnosed by internists differ considerably from those diagnosed by dermatologists. Because dermatologists do much of the dermatology teaching of internal medicine residents, it is important to recognize these differences to place emphasis on the proper areas of study. Some common or serious skin conditions not often diagnosed by internists such as psoriasis and melanoma also deserve attention in internal medicine training programs.     

Blood supply of the Achilles tendon

The Escherichia coli low molecular mass penicillin-binding proteins are enzymes associated with the periplasmic face of the inner membrane. This mini review discusses the membrane anchoring of these enzymes and their possible participation in a putative membrane bound protein complex involved in the regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The identification of such a complex may lead to the identification of new sites of action for antibacterial compounds.     

Solid phase microextraction of stale flavour volatiles from the headspace of UHT milk

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) offers a solvent‐free and less labour‐intensive alternative to traditional flavour isolation techniques. In this instance, SPME was optimised for the extraction of 17 stale flavour volatiles (C3–11,13 methyl ketones and C4–10 saturated aldehydes) from the headspace of full‐cream ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT)‐processed milk. A comparison of relative extraction efficiencies was made using three fibre coatings, three extraction times and three extraction temperatures. Linearity of calibration curves, limits of detection and repeatability (coefficients of variation) were also used in determining the optimum extraction conditions. A 2 cm fibre coating of 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane in conjunction with a 15 min extraction at 40 °C were chosen as the final optimum conditions. This method can be used as an objective tool for monitoring the flavour quality of UHT milk during storage. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Multiple forms of the enzyme glycerophosphodiesterase are present in human brain

Brain levels of glycerophosphodiesters, including glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE), are altered in many human central nervous system disorders. Although much information is available on the enzymes responsible for the formation of these phospholipid metabolites, little information is known regarding their catabolism, by glycerophosphodiesterases, in human brain. In both autopsied and biopsied temporal cortex, a phosphocholine-producing lycerophosphodiesterase activity was observed. In the presence of 1 mM EDTA, the enzyme possessed a pH optimum of 9.0, while the addition of 5 mM zinc acetate shifted the pH optimum to 10.5. When assayed at pH 9.0 in the absence of zinc acetate, the K_m and V_max were 104±2 μM and 77±18 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively, while assaying at pH 10.5 in the presence of 5 mM zinc acetate yielded a K_m of 964±56 μM, and a V_max of 534±114 nmol/h/mg protein. Furthermore, whereas submillimolar concentrations of zinc acetate stimulated the activity of the enzyme in a dose-dependent manner when assayed at pH 10.5 (EC₅₀=20.3±3.0 μM), this did not result in a reciprocal inhibition of glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPC PD) activity when assayed at a more acidic pH. This may suggest that human brain contains two phosphocholine-producing GPC PD activities, differentiable by their sensitivity to zinc ions. An activity capable of hydrolyzing GPE to form phosphoethanolamine could not be detected in either biopsied or autopsied brain. However, a choline/ethanolamine-producing glycerophosphodiesterase activity could be readily detected in biopsied, but not autopsied brain. This novel enzyme possessed a neutral pH optimum and was dependent upon divalent cations for activity. In conclusion, human brain contains at least two different glycerophosphodiesterases, a phosphocholine, and a choline/ethanolamine-producing activity, only one of which can be detected in autopsied tissue. The results of previous studies measuring brain glycerophosphodiesterase activity in degenerative brain conditions may need to be reevaluated in the light of these observations.     

Tunable self-assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures with orthogonal directions

High-temperature exposure of a Mo(110) surface to borazine (HBNH)₃ leads to the formation of two distinctly different self-assembling nanostructures. Depending on the substrate temperature during preparation, either well-aligned, ultra-thin boron nanowires or a single-layer stripe structure of hexagonal boron nitride forms. Both structures show one-dimensional (1D) characteristics, but in directions perpendicular to each other. It is also possible to grow the two phases in coexistence. The relative weights are controlled by the sample temperature during preparation.     

Comparison of MMPI—2 responses of child custody and personal injury litigants.

If you are a psychologist who conducts child custody or personal injury evaluations, how confident are you that the traditional Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2nd ed. (MMPI—2) validity scales and other potential MMPI—2 validity indicators are in fact useful for addressing the issue of response bias? This investigation contributes to the scientific database on the use of MMPI—2 validity indicators to detect response distortion. As the investigation represents empirical rather than analog data, it is of particular value to psychologists who engage in forensic assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

柏林2002年UIA世界建筑大会

怎样报导一个在柏林有五天会议和80场附加展览,以及全德国的7次预备会议好呢?在4000多名代表中,58%不是德国人,其中最大的代表团是来自巴西、中国、法国、希腊和俄国的,非洲和印度没有出席.为什么这样呢?