兆瓦级风电球铁件低温冲击韧性的影响因素

为了获得具有良好低温冲击性能的兆瓦级风电球铁铸件,对实际生产中的附铸试件-20℃ V型缺口冲击性能进行了测试,并对其成分、基体组织、石墨球大小及分布情况进行分析,研究了兆瓦级风力发电机组球铁件低温冲击韧性影响因素.结果表明：在低P、S的前提下,通过合理的熔炼工艺控制,终Si量在2.3%时可以使单位面积的石墨球数量增加,石墨球细小,低温冲击值最佳;Mn在0.2%~0.3%之间变化时对低温冲击韧性影响并不明显;基体组织中珠光体在5%以下时,低温冲击值无明显变化,珠光体大于12.5%时,低温冲击值急剧下降.     

Domain-specific discrete event modelling and simulation using graph transformation

Graph transformation is being increasingly used to express the semantics of domain-specific visual languages since its graphical nature makes rules intuitive. However, many application domains require an explicit handling of time to accurately represent the behaviour of a real system and to obtain useful simulation metrics to measure throughputs, utilization times and average delays. Inspired by the vast knowledge and experience accumulated by the discrete event simulation community, we propose a novel way of adding explicit time to graph transformation rules. In particular, we take the event scheduling discrete simulation world view and provide rules with the ability to schedule the occurrence of other rules in the future. Hence, our work combines standard, efficient techniques for discrete event simulation (based on the handling of a future event set) and the intuitive, visual nature of graph transformation. Moreover, we show how our formalism can be used to give semantics to other timed approaches and provide an implementation on top of the rewriting logic system Maude.     

Bridging value modelling to ArchiMate via transaction modelling

The ArchiMate modelling language provides a coherent and a holistic view of an enterprise in terms of its products, services, business processes, actors, business units, software applications and more. Yet, ArchiMate currently lacks (1) expressivity in modelling an enterprise from a value exchange perspective, and (2) rigour and guidelines in modelling business processes that realize the transactions relevant from a value perspective. To address these issues, we show how to connect e \(^{3}\) value, a technique for value modelling, to ArchiMate via transaction patterns from the DEMO methodology. Using ontology alignment techniques, we show a transformation between the meta models underlying e \(^{3}\) value, DEMO and ArchiMate. Furthermore, we present a step-wise approach that shows how this model transformation is achieved and, in doing so, we also show the of such a transformation. We exemplify the transformation of DEMO and e \(^{3}\) value into ArchiMate by means of a case study in the insurance industry. As a proof of concept, we present a software tool supporting our transformation approach. Finally, we discuss the functionalities and limitations of our approach; thereby, we analyze its and practical applicability.     

Time-Temperature-Transformation Curves for Kaolinite-α-Alumina

The C-shaped time-temperature-transformation curves (T-T-T curves) of cristobalite formation and the L-shaped T-T-T curves of α-alumina reaction were established for a high-purity kaolinite-α-alumina mixture during heating. The results revealed that cristobalite formation in kaolinite was retarded by the presence of α-alumina between 1250° and 1350°C and was totally prohibited above 1380°C due to the reaction of kaolinite with α-alumina to form secondary mullite. The reaction of α-alumina with kaolinite was initiated at about 1250°C. It became quite extensive above 1380°C and was extremely fast at 1600°C and above, indicating the strong effect of the eutectic liquid formation at ∼1587°C in silica-alumina. The effectiveness of the established T-T-T curves was demonstrated and discussed.     

Characterizing herring bone structures in carbon nanofibers using selected area electron diffraction and dark field transmission electron microscopy

The use of selected area electron diffraction and centered dark field imaging using a transmission electron microscope is demonstrated for studying the herringbone structure of carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The experimental method is described and illustrated with CNFs that were grown via a chemical vapor deposition method with a nickel catalyst. It is demonstrated that this method gives the angle of the herringbone with great accuracy and gives insight into the uniformity of graphitic elements in the herringbone structure. It was found that the Ni catalyst could be removed from the fiber-tips by treatment in HNO₃, without affecting the carbon structure. These electron microscopy results were confirmed by XRD. The parameters that can be determined by application of this characterization method are expected to be useful to study and optimize growth conditions for carbon nanofibers grown by chemical vapor deposition.     

Organo-zincate molten salts as immobilising agents for organometallic catalysis

The combination of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride with ZnCl₂ affords ionic mixtures with different melting point temperatures depending on the zinc molar fraction. RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃ immobilised in the low melting mixture (60°C) promotes the 1-hexene hydrogenation (turnover frequencies up to 44 min^–1) and the recovered solid catalyst phase can be reused several times.     

Non-newtonian flow through open channels

A general method is proposed for prediction of the flow rate and maximum velocity in the isothermal, steady, uniform, laminar flow of any incompressible, time-independent non-Newtonian fluid in straight open channels of arbitrary cross section. The method requires only a knowledge of two geometric coefficients and a function of shear stress, used to characterize the behavior of the fluid model. The slip effect at the solid boundary has been taken into consideration. Numerical values of the geometric parameters have been determined for flow through an inclined plane of infinite width, semi-circular, semi-elliptical, rectangular, and 90° and 60° symmetric triangular open channels. Applications have been made to various non-Newtonian fluid models such as the power-law, Bingham, Ellis, Meter and the Reiner-Rivlin general model. Numerical examples are presented. A generalization of the Fanning friction factor — Reynolds number is also presented. The problem of determining the point of transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the general case is examined, as is the problem of prediction of the friction factor in turbulent flow.     

Thermodynamic Modeling of Alkali Metal Oxide-Silica Binary Melts

The evaluation of the thermodynamic properties as well as the phase diagrams for the binary Na₂O–SiO₂, K₂O–SiO₂, and Li₂O–SiO₂ systems are carried out with a structural model for silicate melts and glasses. This thermodynamic model is based on the assumption that each metallic oxide produces the depolymerization reaction of silica network with a characteristic free-energy change. A least squares optimization program permits all available thermodynamic and phase diagram data to be optimized simultaneously. In this manner, data for these binary systems have been analyzed and represented with a small number of parameters. The resulting equations represent the thermodynamic and phase diagram data for these alkali metal oxide–silica systems within experimental error limits. In particular, the measured limiting liquidus slope at     is well reproduced.     

Foams based on low density polyethylene/hectorite nanocomposites: Thermal stability and thermo‐mechanical properties

Novel polymer nanocomposite foams made by a two step compression molding method are analyzed in this article. Nanocomposites of low density polyethylene and an organo‐modified hectorite were first melt compounded and then foamed using a compression molding method. To study the influence of the presence and the amount of hectorite in both mechanical and thermal properties, samples with 3% and 7% content of hectorite were prepared. Polyethylene crystalline characteristics and thermal stability of the samples were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Mechanical properties of foams and solid nanocomposites were analyzed by using dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). Thermal expansion of the samples was analyzed by thermomechanical analysis. The results indicate that the exfoliation of hectorite platelets was achieved after the foaming process, but not during the melt mixing step. Foams with hectorite nanoparticles exhibit improved thermal stability and mechanical properties when compared with neat polymeric foams. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

High molecular weight methyl ester of microbial poly(β,l-malic acid): Synthesis and crystallization

High molecular weight poly(α-methyl β,l-malate) (M_n ∼ 25,000, PD ∼ 1.7) was prepared from microbial poly(β,l-malic acid) (M_n ∼ 29,000, PD ∼ 1.3) by methylation with diazomethane in dry acetone without substantial cleavage of the polyester main chain. The thermal properties of this poly(malate) were assessed and its crystal structure was preliminary examined. Two crystal forms were identified by X-ray diffraction, their occurrence being dependent on crystallization conditions. The kinetics of nonisothermal and isothermal crystallizations from the melt were studied and modelled using the Avrami approach. Results were compared to those recently reported by us for low molecular weight poly(α-methyl β,l-malate) (M_n ∼ 3000, PD ∼ 1.3).