Über Winkelfehler von Hochspannungswiderständen

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Production of fermentable sugars from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated municipal solid waste after autoclave process

A ligno-cellulosic concentrate from municipal solid waste (MSW) obtained after an autoclave separation process was investigated for its potential as a feedstock to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production. A maximum enzymatic hydrolysis conversion of 53% of the cellulose and hemi-cellulose was found using a particle size range of 150–300 μm hydrolyzed in a 100 ml buffer solution containing 6 wt% lingo-cellulosic MSW concentrate with 90 mg cellulase at pH 4.8 held at 40 °C for 12 h. The hydrolysis rate leveled off at longer hydrolysis time and with increased substrate concentration and was related to enzymatic access to substrate. Lower hydrolysis rate at smaller particle size indicates that the grinding process may change the surface chemistry or morphology of the fibers making them less available for enzyme access. A drop in the hydrolysis rate was observed for the particles above 300 μm associate with the longer diffusion time for the enzyme into the fiber particles. The findings indicate that 152 L of ethanol could be obtained from a ton of lingo-cellulosic concentrate from MSW.     

Bücherschau

Ohne Zusammenfassung VDI     

The Side Detection Efficiency of the Channel Multiplier

The ability of a channel multiplier to record radiation incident through its side walls has been studied, using mono-energetic MeV-electrons and protons and cosmic ray muons. The results indicate that about 25% of the total length of the detector is sensitive ta this radiation with a detection efficiency depending on particle type and energy.     

Bücherschau

Ohne Zusammenfassung VDI     

Polymeric pH nanosensor with extended measurement range bearing octaarginine as cell penetrating peptide

A synthetic peptide octaarginine which mimics human immunodeficiency virus‐1, Tat protein is used as cell penetrating moiety for new pH nanosensors which demonstrate enhanced cellular uptake and expanded measurement range from pH 3.9 to pH 7.3 by simultaneously incorporating two complemental pH‐sensitive fluorophores in a same nanoparticle. The authors believe that this triple fluorescent pH sensor provides a new tool to pH measurements that can have application in cellular uptake mechanism study and new nanomedicine design.Inspec keywords: polymers, chemical sensors, nanosensors, biomembrane transport, microorganisms, proteins, biomimetics, biosensors, molecular configurations, biochemistry, molecular biophysics, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, nanocomposites, dyes, optical sensors, spectrochemical analysis, nanofabrication, biomedical measurementOther keywords: polymeric pH nanosensor, extended measurement range, octaarginine, cell penetrating peptide, synthetic peptide, human immunodeficiency virus‐1 Tat protein mimicking, cell penetrating moiety, complemental pH‐sensitive fluorophore incorporation, nanoparticle, triple fluorescent pH sensor, pH measurement, cellular uptake mechanism study, nanomedicine design     

Evaluation of ecological interface design for nuclear process control: situation awareness effects

OBJECTIVE: We determine whether an ecological interface display for nuclear power plant operations supports improved situation awareness over traditional and user-centered displays in a realistic environment. BACKGROUND: Ecological interface design (EID) has not yet been fully evaluated with real operators facing realistic scenarios. METHOD: Ecological displays were evaluated alongside traditional and user-centered "advanced" displays in a full-scope nuclear power plant simulation. Licensed plant operators used the displays in realistic scenarios that either had procedural support or did not have procedural support. All three displays were evaluated for their ability to support operator situation awareness. RESULTS: A significant three-way interaction effect was observed on two independent measures of situation awareness. For both measures, ecological displays improved situation awareness in scenarios that did not have procedural support, primarily in the detection phases of those scenarios. No other pronounced effects appeared across both measures. CONCLUSIONS: The observed improvement was sufficiently large to suggest that EID could improve situation awareness in situations where procedures are unavailable. However, the EID displays did not lead to improved situation awareness in the other conditions of the evaluation, and participants using these displays occasionally underperformed on single measures of situation awareness. This suggests that the approach requires further development, particularly in integrating EID with procedural support. APPLICATION: This research has important findings for the ongoing development of the EID approach, the design of industrial operator displays, and design to support situation awareness.     

Loads on Braced Excavations in Soft Clay

A parametric finite element study has been carried out to demonstrate the importance of clay strength and depth of clay layer on the earth pressures, strut loads, and bending moments for a strutted sheet pile wall in soft, essentially normally consolidated clay. The clay is modeled as nonlinear and anisotropic. The modeled excavation is 10?m deep. For a shear strength profile giving a close to failure condition the maximum bending moment is found to be 6 times larger than for a clay profile with 40% higher strength, and the maximum strut loads are up to twice as large. The maximum strut loads are significantly higher than those given by existing empirical design rules. Comparative analyses with an isotropic linear elastic–plastic soil model show relatively small differences in moments and strut loads. Comparisons against analyses with a beam-on-spring type finite element model show significant differences to the continuum FEM analyses. The main reason is that beam-on-spring models cannot capture the significant effect of arching on earth pressures, strut loads and bending moments.     

Interactive Visual and Postvisual Processes and Their Roles in Form-Specific Memory.

Effects of depth of encoding on form-specific memory were examined. After viewing words (e.g., "bear") presented centrally during initial encoding, participants completed word stems (e.g., "BEA") presented laterally and pattern masked during subsequent test. When the encoding task was perceptual, letter-case specific memory was not observed, unlike in previous experiments without pattern masking. However, when the encoding task required both perceptual and conceptual processing, letter-case specific memory was observed in direct right-hemisphere, but not in direct left-hemisphere, test presentations, like in previous studies without pattern masking. Results were not influenced by whether stems were completed to form the first words that came to mind or words explicitly retrieved from encoding. Depth of encoding may influence form-specific memory through interactive processing of visual and postvisual information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Surface-bounded growth modeling applied to human mandibles

From a set of longitudinal three-dimensional scans of the same anatomical structure, we have accurately modeled the temporal shape and size changes using a linear shape model. On a total of 31 computed tomography scans of the mandible from six patients, 14,851 semilandmarks are found automatically using shape features and a new algorithm called geometry-constrained diffusion. The semilandmarks are mapped into Procrustes space. Principal component analysis extracts a one-dimensional subspace, which is used to construct a linear growth model. The worst case mean modeling error in a cross validation study is 3.7 mm.