Propagation delay influence in IEEE 802.11 outdoor networks

Originally, Wireless Local Area Networks served only small indoor areas. Nevertheless, the idea of employing IEEE 802.11 networks in large outdoor environments is a very attractive possibility. IEEE 802.11 technology offers several advantages: the low cost of equipment, its operation in the unlicensed spectrum and its higher data rates. Since the advent of the first IEEE 802.11 standard, a great deal of research has been carried out. So-called Wifi-based Long Distance networks are currently being deployed. In this paper, we study the suitability of employing IEEE 802.11 networks in large outdoor environments without modifying the standard working procedure. In such scenarios, IEEE 802.11 networks should offer coverage ranges of several kilometer, which leads to high propagation delay values. Thus, we analyze the influence of increasing propagation delay in the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. To carry out our analysis we present a mathematical model and simulation results. We provide an operating range in which IEEE 802.11 performance is feasible and establish a throughput threshold according to the propagation delay.     

New Signature Waveforms for Multi-rate QS-CDMA System with QPSK Modulation

This paper presents a multi-rate quasi-synchronous CDMA (QS-CDMA) system with QPSK modulation based on the new signature waveforms, namely GPZ-chip waveforms which are constructed by the generalized pairwise Z-complementary (GPZ) codes and optimal chip waveforms. According to the properties of GPZ-chip waveforms, the multiple access interference of different users can be reduced or eliminated. The interferences among different streams of the same user are handled by an optimal (or suboptimal) multi-stream detector(s). The performance of the proposed system is simulated and analyzed in a cellular communication environment consisting of multipath fading. The result shows that the proposed system has similar performance as compared to the single-rate QS-CDMA system employing GPZ codes with one chip waveform due to the properties of multi-stream detection. Also, the proposed system can achieve a significant interference reduction as compared to the multi-rate system employing concatenated WH/m sequence sets with one chip waveform due to the zero correlation zone properties of the GPZ-chip waveforms, thus resulting better BER performance.     

A Novel Test Point Selection Method for Analog Fault Dictionary Techniques

Most of the recently reported test point selection algorithms for analog fault dictionary techniques are based on integer-coded table (ICT) technique. Hence, the accuracy of these algorithms is closely related to the accuracy of the ICT technique. Unfortunately, this technique is not accurate, especially when the size of fault dictionary is large. This paper proposes an accurate fault-pair Boolean table technique for the test point selection problem. First, the approach to transform the fault dictionary into a fault-pair Boolean table is introduced. Then, a test point selection algorithm based on the fault-pair Boolean table is proposed. Thirdly, several example circuits are used to illustrate the proposed algorithm. Simulated results indicate that the proposed method is more accurate than the other methods. Therefore, it is a good solution for minimizing the size of the test point set.     

Measurement of RF Transmission Mode in ITER Relevant EC H&;CD Transmission Line

The preliminary results of mode measurement in the ITER relevant 40 m long transmission test line composed from 63.5 mm diameter corrugated waveguides and miter bends are presented. The field patterns were measured by taking temperature profiles on a paper screen placed in front of the waveguide end using an infrared imaging camera. The complex electric field at the waveguide end was retrieved from the measured temperature profiles. As a result, the transmission power includes 87% of HE₁₁ mode and 6% of LP₁₁ odd (HE₂₁+TE₀₁) mode and small ratios of other modes. The mode content had small dependence on length of the transmission line. This result indicated that the higher order mode content generated at the input of the transmission line is conserved and propagated through the transmission line. This suggests that the initial RF coupling to the waveguide is critical since it affects the launcher efficiency.     

Non-fragile <Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis><Subscript>∞</Subscript> filter designs for polytopic two-dimensional systems in Roesser model

This paper is concerned with the problem of non-fragile H ₂ and H _∞ filter designs for two-dimensional (2-D) discrete systems in Roesser model with polytopic uncertainties. The filters to be designed are assumed to be with additive norm-bounded coefficient variations which reflect the imprecision in filter implementation. The complicated filter design problem is successfully tackled by using the slack variable technique and imposing a structural restriction on the slack matrix. Explicit expressions of the non-fragile H ₂ and H _∞ filters are given in terms of solutions to a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Growth of Epitaxial (110) 0.7Pb(Mg<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>2/3</Subscript>)O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-0.3PbTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Thin Films on r-Plane Sapphire Substrates by RF Magnetron Sputtering

The role of substrate temperature and substrate surface geometry in determining the crystal structure and crystallinity of 0.7Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.3PbTiO₃ (PMN-PT) thin films grown on r-plane sapphire substrates is examined. A 30-nm-thick amorphous PMN-PT seed layer deposited at 250°C and subjected to rapid thermal annealing at 850°C results in the formation of an epitaxial (110) perovskite PMN-PT growth template that can be used for subsequent growth of single-crystal (110) perovskite PMN-PT films at elevated temperature. The data show that single-crystal perovskite is promoted when the films nucleate with the \( \langle \overline{1} 11 \rangle \) PMN-PT direction parallel to the \( \langle 0\bar{2}21 \rangle \) Al₂O₃ direction.     

A new call control scheme of Push-To-Talk system

For Push-To-Talk (PTT) system based on Public Mobile Data Network (PMDN), the end-to-end time delay is the key aspect of the user’s experience. The Push-Over-Cellular (POC) scheme defined by Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is based on the VoIP phone model and use SIP protocol as the call control scheme. The call setup time delay in SIP may reach to several seconds, which is unacceptable for the PTT service. In this paper, we provide a new call control scheme for PTT system based on PLMN network. By combining the apriority knowledge of PTT call model and the priority control scheme, we encapsulate the signaling message and the voice data into a same data packet, when the user push the button, the voice and the call control signaling are sent to the server at the same time. So the long time delay of call setup procedure of POC scheme can be eliminate. The end-to-end call delay can be decreased significantly. The experiment result based on the commercial CDMA2000 1X network of China Unicom shows that the call delay can be decreased to 600 ms, which approach to the traditional trunk communication system’s requirement.     

A Novel Electroless Process for Embedding a Thin Film Resistor on the Benzocyclobutene Dielectric

To realize embedded resistors on multilayer benzocyclobutene (BCB) either on-chip or on-board, a low-cost large format electroless process for deposition of NiP and NiWP thin-film resistors using both low-temperature (25°C) and high-temperature (90°C) baths has been developed. The electroless process exhibits uniform resistor thickness in the submicron range and offers low profile and excellent adhesion to the BCB dielectric layer. The resistor films also act as a seed layer for direct electroplating of copper traces. The NiP alloys can also be tailored to a variable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) with different alloy compositions. The electroless process can be adopted in the PCB manufacturing industries with no additional investment. This article is the first report on electroless plated thin film resistors on low loss BCB dielectric.     

A Distributed Query Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, query execution over a specific geographical region is an essential function for collecting sensed data. However, sensor nodes deployed in sensor networks have limited battery power. Hence, the minimum number of connected sensor nodes that covers the queried region in a sensor network must be determined. This paper proposes an efficient distributed protocol to find a subset of connected sensor nodes to cover the queried region. Each node determines whether to be a sensing node to sense the queried region according to its priority. The proposed protocol can efficiently construct a subset of connected sensing nodes and respond the query request to the sink node. In addition, the proposed protocol is extended to solve the k-coverage request. Simulation results show that our protocol is more efficient and has a lower communication overhead than the existing protocol.     

On the Impact of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) on Macrocell Downlink of CDMA-PCS System

In this paper, we present an analytical model to quantify the effect of the Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) transmitters on the CDMA-PCS downlink range and normalized capacity. The effect is given for different configuration and environments. Our analysis shows that, for a single UWB transmitter, an UWB power density of −78dBm/MHz is the maximum permitted power density to have only PCS macrocell capacity reduction of 1% when the distance between the PCS mobile and the UWB transmitter is 1 m. For the multiple UWB transmitters case, a power density of −80dBm/MHz, is the maximum permitted power density to have only PCS macrocell capacity reduction of 1% when the distance between the PCS mobile and the UWB transmitter is 1 m.