Preparation and UV/Vis Spectroscopic Characterization of N,N‐Disubstituted 2‐Amino‐5‐arylazoselenazoles and Some of Their Carbocyclic and Heterocyclic Analogues

By coupling of aryldiazonium salts 5 with N,N‐disubstituted 2‐amino‐5H‐selenazoles 4 deeply coloured 5‐arylazo‐substituted 2‐amino‐selenazoles 6a—6l have been prepared and their solvatochromic properties determined by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy, and compared with the ones of several other arylazosubstituted N,N‐dialkylanilines 7a—7d , 2‐(N,N‐dialkylamino)‐thiophenes 8a—8e , and 2‐(N,N‐dialkylamino)‐thiazoles 9a—9c .     

Resistance against Abrasive Wear and Corrosion of Laser Powder Bed Alloyed High Chromium Tool Steels

Additive manufacturing by laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) enables the production of complex shaped components. High-carbon tool steels tend to cracking during PBF-LB/M due to internal stresses caused by the rapid solidification. Expensive atomization and long lead times for powder generate high costs in this processing route. In situ alloying during PBF-LB/M of powder blends from conventionally available powders enables a more flexible approach of alloy design. For industrial use, the mechanical properties of in situ alloyed parts must be comparable to those of conventionally manufactured parts. In some cutting and forming applications, high wear resistance and corrosion resistance are required simultaneously. High alloyed cold work tool steels with sufficient chromium solved in the metal matrix fulfill these demands. Herein, AISI H13 is modified by Cr₃C₂ and elemental Cr to suit these requirements. Two novel alloys are modeled thermodynamically and processed by PBF-LB/M. In-depth microstructural investigations by backscatter electron imaging and diffraction in combination with abrasive wear tests and potentiodynamic polarization curves allow microstructure property correlations for different heat-treated conditions. Partial crack-free processing, hardenability, formation of Cr-rich carbides, and residual Cr-rich inclusions are observed and their influence on the wear and corrosion resistance is discussed.     

Multisensory processing of emotional cues predicts intrusive memories after virtual reality trauma

Virtual Reality - Research has shown that high trait anxiety can alter multisensory processing of threat cues (by amplifying integration of angry faces and voices); however, it remains unknown...     

Improving the Fatigue Strength of Laser Powder Bed-Fused AISI M3:2 by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Laser additive manufacturing enables the one-step fabrication of complex parts. However, pores and carbide networks, which are not avoidable from the laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) process, deteriorate the fatigue strength significantly. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) with integrated heat treatment is a powerful post-treatment that densifies the material and modifies the microstructure. Herein, AISI M3:2 samples are produced by LPBF and then are either austenitized, quenched, and tempered in a HIP unit under pressure or are only hardened and tempered in a vacuum oven. The corresponding microstructure is analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The fatigue strength is determined by rotation bending tests. Fracture surfaces are observed under scanning electron microscopy for failure analysis. While both post-treatments lead to similar microstructure, the fatigue strength is significantly improved by the HIP process.     

Nanoscale Control of the Surface Functionality of Polymeric 2D Materials

Typically, 2D nanosheets have a homogeneous surface, making them a major challenge to structure. This study proposes a novel concept of 2D organic nanosheets with a heterogeneously functionalized surface. This work achieves this by consecutively crystallizing two precisely synthesized polymers with different functional groups in the polymer backbone in a two-step process. First, the core platelet is formed and then the second polymer is crystallized around it. As a result, the central area of the platelets has a different surface functionality than the periphery. This concept offers two advantages: the resulting polymeric 2D platelets are stable in dispersion, which simplifies further processing and makes both crystal surfaces accessible for subsequent functionalization. Additionally, a wide variety of polymers can be used, making the process and the choice of surface functionalization very flexible.     

Enzymatic Late-Stage Halogenation of Peptides

The late-stage site-selective derivatisation of peptides has many potential applications in structure-activity relationship studies and postsynthetic modification or conjugation of bioactive compounds. The development of orthogonal methods for C−H functionalisation is crucial for such peptide derivatisation. Among them, biocatalytic methods are increasingly attracting attention. Tryptophan halogenases emerged as valuable catalysts to functionalise tryptophan (Trp), while direct enzyme-catalysed halogenation of synthetic peptides is yet unprecedented. Here, it is reported that the Trp 6-halogenase Thal accepts a wide range of amides and peptides containing a Trp moiety. Increasing the sequence length and reaction optimisation made bromination of pentapeptides feasible with good turnovers and a broad sequence scope, while regioselectivity turned out to be sequence dependent. Comparison of X-ray single crystal structures of Thal in complex with d -Trp and a dipeptide revealed a significantly altered binding mode for the peptide. The viability of this bioorthogonal approach was exemplified by halogenation of a cyclic RGD peptide.