Rank order filters and priority queues

Summary A derivation of a parallel algorithm for rank order filtering is presented. Both derivation and result differ from earlier designs: the derivations are less complicated and the result allows a number of different implementations. The same derivation is used to design a collection of priority queues. Both filters and priority queues are highly efficient: they have constant response time and small latency. Anne Kaldewaij received an M.Sc. degree in Mathematics from the University of Utrecht (The Netherlands) and a Ph.D. degree in Computing Science from the Eindhoven University of Technology. Currently, he is associate professor in Computing Science at Eindhoven University. His research includes parallel programming and the design of algorithms and data structures. He enjoys teaching and he has written a number of textbooks on mathematics and programming. Jan Tijmen Udding received an M.Sc. degree in Mathematics in 1980 and a Ph.D. degree in Computing Science in 1984 from Eindhoven University of Technology. Currently, he is associate professor at Groningen University. His main research interests are mathematical aspects of VLSI, program derivation and correctness, and functional programming.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel copolymers with the trimethylsilyl group for deep‐UV photoresists

N‐(4‐Acetoxyphenyl) maleimide (APMI) and three kinds of comonomers bearing a trimethylsilyl group were copolymerized at 60°C in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator in 1,4‐dioxane to obtain the three IP, IIP, and IIIP copolymers. These copolymers were removed from the acetoxy group in a transesterification process into new IVP, VP, and VIP copolymers with a pendant hydroxyl group. Two modified processes were adopted to prepare photoresists using these copolymers. The first process involved mixing the dissolution inhibitor, o‐nitrobenzyl cholate, with the new copolymers. Second, o‐nitrobenzyl cholate was introduced into the copolymers using 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) in dimethylformamide (DMF). The cyclic maleimide structure is responsible for the high thermal stability of these copolymers. After irradiation using deep–UV light and development with aqueous Na₂CO₃ (0.01 wt %), the developed patterns showed positive images and exhibited good adhesion to the silicon wafer without using any adhesion promoter. The resolution of these resists was at least 0.8 μm and an oxygen‐plasma etching rate was 1/5.3 to that of hard‐baked HPR‐204. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2791–2798, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10255     

Prediction of fire classification for wood based products. A multivariate statistical approach based on the cone calorimeter

Wood has long traditions as a building material, and is often used in construction elements, and as interior and exterior surfaces in the Nordic countries. In most applications, there are reaction to fire requirements to products used as surfaces, e.g. in escape routes and larger public spaces. Most wood products will therefore have to be treated with fire retardant (FR) agents to fulfil the strict requirements to properties connected to heat release and flame spread. Unfortunately, FR agents usually also increase the smoke production, as they cause a more incomplete combustion of the wood. The wood product manufacturers seek to find the optimal amount of FR additives where both heat release and smoke production in the classifying test are within the requirements given in the building regulations. This paper describes models for prediction of the European reaction to fire classes of wood products. The models are based on multivariate statistical analysis, and use test results from the cone calorimeter test as input. The presented models are, with very good precision, able to predict which Euroclass and additional smoke class a wood based product would obtain if it were to be tested in the single burning item test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality assessment of a recently refilled reservoir: The case of Bütgenbach Reservoir, Belgium

Bütgenbach Reservoir is situated in the High Ardennes plateau in eastern Belgium (50°25′N; 6°13′E). It is used principally for flood control and for production of hydroelectric energy. It has been subjected to a previous series of studies because of its eutrophication problems and their impacts on the local economy. Bütgenbach Reservoir was emptied during spring 2004 for dam restoration, being refilled in mid‐September of the same year. Selected physicochemical and biological parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, inorganic and organic nutrients, chlorophyll‐a) were measured fortnightly during the lake's productive season (mid‐April to mid‐October 2005) at three sampling sites throughout the water column. The water quality conditions after refilling of the lake were compared to previous studies accomplished at the same sampling sites (prior to emptying the lake). The actual trophic status was mesotrophic to eutrophic, based on the combination of total phosphorous and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, as well as water transparency. Bütgenbach Reservoir generally exhibits good water quality, based on the French water quality system SEQ‐eau. A longitudinal decrease in water quality was observed from upstream to downstream, because mainly of the differences in lake bottom morphology and water residence time, and their impacts on nutrient distribution in the lake.     

Reliability assessment for solders with a stress buffer layer using ball shear strength test and board-level finite element analysis

The stress buffer layer (SBL) is a widely applied improvement in many advanced packages used to release the stress concentration at solder joints. However, it has been generally found that the metal line adjacent to the SBL may suffer larger deformation and its reliability should be addressed. In this study, the panel level package (PLP) technology with solder on polymer (SOP) structure is selected as the testing sample to investigate the effect of SBL. The ball shear strength test is conducted first to investigate the reliability of metal trace in PLP. In addition, finite element (FE) analysis is applied to understand the actual thermo-mechanical behavior of PLP after its assembly. The package-level and board-level reliability assessments are compared, and the suggested layout of the redistribution layer on the SBL is provided herein.     

Children's judgments of expected value.

Expected value judgments of 5-, 6-, 8-, and 10-yr-olds were studied by using an information integration approach. Children saw roulette-type games with prizes of crayons. They made judgments in a continuous scale of how happy a puppet playing the game would be. In one task, probability and value of a single winning outcome were varied factorially. All ages took both cues into account. Young children used an additive integration rule, whereas children 8 yrs and older used the multiplying rule as predicted by mathematical theory. A 2nd task contained games with both 1 and 2 alternative prizes. At all ages, data patterns were similar to the normative predictions. Even young children showed some understanding of probability dependence. A serial version of the addition strategy may contribute to advanced performance in the 2-prize task. These results are consistent with conceptual understanding of expected value. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Acceptability of genetically modified cheese presented as real product alternative

European consumers, in general, have negative attitudes towards the use of gene technology in food production. The objective of this study was to examine whether taste and health benefits influence the acceptability of genetically modified (gm) products when they are presented as real product alternatives. Consumers in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden (n=738) assessed two cheeses: one was labelled as genetically modified (preferred in an earlier product test) and the other as conventional (neutral in an earlier product test). A smaller control group received two cheeses with blind codes. Labelling decreased consumers' intentions to buy the originally preferred gm-labelled cheese, but still the intentions were at the same level with the conventionally labelled option. Participants chose two gm cheeses out of five possible when given the option to take cheese home after tasting. Intentions to buy gm cheese could best be explained by respondents' attitudes towards gene technology and perceived taste benefits. General health interest was also a reinforcer of intentions for gm cheese with reduced fat content.     

Surface designing of polypropylene by critical monitoring of the grafting conditions

The grafting of acrylic acid onto electron beam‐irradiated polypropylene was carried out using preirradiation method. The stability of peroxy radicals was investigated by electron spin resonance. It was found that the decay of peroxy radicals is much faster at 70°C than at 40°C and ambient temperature. The grafting has been observed to be strongly dependent on the monomer dilution in the reaction medium. The grafting was ascertained by attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The distribution of grafts across the samples was monitored by infrared microscopy. It was found that the graft management is considerably influenced by composition of the grafting medium. The grafting involving pure monomer leads to the surface enrichment with the polyacrylic acid chains. The samples grafted in pure monomer led to much lower contact angles as compared to the diluted monomer solution. The swelling of the grafted samples also showed a trend that was governed by the graft management. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 546–553, 2006