Harvesting light with transformation optics

Transformation optics （TO） is a new tool for controlling electromagnetic fields. In the context of metamaterial technology, it provides a direct link between a desired electromagnetic （EM） phenomenon and the material response required for its occurrence. Recently, this powerful framework has been successfully exploited to study surface plasmon assisted phenomena such as light harvesting. Here, we review the general strategy based on TO to design plasmonic devices capable of harvesting light over a broadband spectrum and achieving considerable field confinement and enhancement. The methodology starts with two-dimensional （2D） cases, such as 2D metal edges, crescent-shaped cylinders, nanowire dimers, and rough metal surfaces, and is well extended to fully-fledged three-dimensional （3D） situations. The largely analytic approach gives physical insights into the processes involved and suggests a way forward to study a wide variety of plasmonic nanostructures.     

Variable Structure Control with chattering elimination and guaranteed stability for a generalized T-S model

In this paper, a fuzzy based Variable Structure Control (VSC) with guaranteed stability is presented. The main objective is to obtain an improved performance of highly non-linear unstable systems. The main contribution of this work is that, firstly, new functions for chattering reduction and error convergence without sacrificing invariant properties are proposed, which is considered the main drawback of the VSC control. Secondly, the global stability of the controlled system is guaranteed.The well known weighting parameters approach, is used in this paper to optimize local and global approximation and modeling capability of T-S fuzzy model.A one link robot is chosen as a nonlinear unstable system to evaluate the robustness, effectiveness and remarkable performance of optimization approach and the high accuracy obtained in approximating nonlinear systems in comparison with the original T-S model. Simulation results indicate the potential and generality of the algorithm. The application of the proposed FLC-VSC shows that both alleviation of chattering and robust performance are achieved with the proposed FLC-VSC controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is proven infront of disturbances and noise effects.     

Speeding up the spatial adiabatic passage of matter waves in optical microtraps by optimal control

We numerically investigate the performance of atomic transport in optical microtraps via the so called spatial adiabatic passage technique. Our analysis is carried out by means of optimal control methods, which enable us to determine suitable transport control pulses. We investigate the ultimate limits of the optimal control in speeding up the transport process in a triple well configuration for both a single atomic wave packet and a Bose-Einstein condensate within a regime of experimental parameters achievable with current optical technology.     

The holy grail of microfluidics: sub-laminar drag by layout of periodically embedded microgrooves

The sub-laminar drag effect of microgroove surfaces was studied numerically in a steady two-dimensional channel flow at subcritical Reynolds numbers. Considerations are restricted to grooves of a few viscous length scales in depth, which are assumed not to promote the laminar to turbulent transition process. It was found that the drag reduction effect is due to the layout of grooves with respect to the flow direction and contour geometry. Results of computations show that for grooves of curved contour placed normal to the flow direction, drag arising from viscous and pressure forces is modulated due to the functional dependence of forces on the surface area projected in the flow direction. Such a groove layout leads to a large skin-friction reduction, but a comparable increase in pressure drag results in sub-laminar drag if drag over flat surface is considered as a reference. For a curved groove contour, the drag reduction increases with increasing Reynolds number and reaches about 5 % at Reynolds numbers approaching critical.     

80 million tiny images: a large data set for nonparametric object and scene recognition

With the advent of the Internet, billions of images are now freely available online and constitute a dense sampling of the visual world. Using a variety of non-parametric methods, we explore this world with the aid of a large dataset of 79,302,017 images collected from the Internet. Motivated by psychophysical results showing the remarkable tolerance of the human visual system to degradations in image resolution, the images in the dataset are stored as 32 x 32 color images. Each image is loosely labeled with one of the 75,062 non-abstract nouns in English, as listed in the Wordnet lexical database. Hence the image database gives a comprehensive coverage of all object categories and scenes. The semantic information from Wordnet can be used in conjunction with nearest-neighbor methods to perform object classification over a range of semantic levels minimizing the effects of labeling noise. For certain classes that are particularly prevalent in the dataset, such as people, we are able to demonstrate a recognition performance comparable to class-specific Viola-Jones style detectors.     

A novel electromyographic signal simulator for muscle contraction studies

Mathematical simulation has been widely used in biomedical and biological sciences. In the case of the surface electromyographic (SEMG) activity, some models have been proposed aiming to study muscle contraction strategies that are used during different tasks and conditions. Most of SEMG simulators are based on energy modulation of a Gaussian noise. This work proposes a novel simulator in which the user-defined parameters are associated with the motor units (MUs) recruitment and their firing rate. Comparison between the mean spectrum of real SEMG signals collected in isometric contraction of the muscle biceps brachii and the mean spectrum obtained from simulated SEMG signals showed a good agreement, pointing the proposed simulator seems to be capable to generate consistent electromyographic signals in time and frequency domains and that can be used in many studies, in particular in the evaluation of automatic methods aimed to detect muscular contraction.     

Lagrangean relaxation with clusters for point-feature cartographic label placement problems

This paper presents two new mathematical formulations for the point-feature cartographic label placement problem (PFCLP) and a new Lagrangean relaxation with clusters (LagClus) to provide bounds to these formulations. The PFCLP can be represented by a conflict graph and the relaxation divides the graph in small subproblems (clusters) that are easily solved. The edges connecting clusters are relaxed in a Lagrangean way and a subgradient algorithm improves the bounds. The LagClus was successfully applied to a set of instances up to 1000 points providing the best results of those reported in the literature.     

Recognition of circular patterns on GPUs: Performance analysis and contributions

We develop a novel approach for computing the circle Hough transform entirely on graphics hardware (GPU). A primary role is assigned to vertex processors and the rasterizer, overshadowing the traditional foreground of pixel processors and enhancing parallel processing. Resources like the vertex cache or blending units are studied too, with our set of optimizations leading to extraordinary peak gain factors exceeding 358x over a typical CPU execution. Software optimizations, like the use of precomputed tables or gradient information and hardware improvements, like hyperthreading and multicores are explored on CPUs as well. Overall, the GPU exhibits better scalability and much greater parallel performance to become a solid alternative for computing the classical circle Hough transform versus those optimal methods run on emerging multicore architectures.     

High power GaN‐HEMT SPDT switches for microwave applications

In this article, the design, fabrication, and on‐wafer test of X‐Band and 2–18 GHz wideband high‐power SPDT MMIC switches in AlGaN/GaN technology are presented. The switches have demonstrated state‐of‐the‐art performance and RF fabrication yield better than 65%. Linear and power measurements for different control voltages have been reported and an explanation of the dependence of the power performances on the control voltage is given. In particular, the X‐band switch exhibits a 0.4 dB compression level at 10 GHz when driven by a 38 dBm input signal. The wideband switch shows a compression level of 1 dB at an input drive higher than 38 dBm across the entire bandwidth. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

Routing and resource optimization in service overlay networks

Service Overlay Networks (SONs) create a virtual topology on top of the Internet and provide end-to-end quality of service guarantees without requiring support by the underlying network.The optimization of the resources utilized by an SON is a fundamental issue for an overlay operator owing to the costs involved and the need to satisfy user requirements. Careful decisions are necessary to provide enough capacity to overlay links, to route traffic, to assign users to access nodes and to deploy overlay nodes.In this paper, we propose two mathematical programming models for the user assignment problem, the traffic routing optimization and the dimensioning of the capacity reserved on overlay links in SONs. The first model minimizes the SON installation cost while providing full access to all users. The second model maximizes the SON profit by selecting which users to serve, based on the expected gain, and taking into consideration budget constraints of the SON operator. Moreover, we extend these models to include the optimization of the number and position of overlay nodes.We provide the optimal solutions of the proposed SON design formulations on a set of realistic-size instances and discuss the effect of different parameters on the characteristics of the planned networks. Numerical results show that the proposed approach is able to solve the problem to the optimum even for large-scale networks.