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31.
Reliable transmission is a challenging task over wireless LANs since wireless links are known to be susceptible to errors. Although the current IEEE802.11 standard ARQ error control protocol performs relatively well over channels with very low bit error rates (BERs), this performance deteriorates rapidly as the BER increases. This paper investigates the problem of reliable transmission in a contention free wireless LAN and introduces a packet embedded error control (PEEC) protocol, which employs packet-embedded parity symbols instead of ARQ-based retransmission for error recovery. Specifically, depending on receiver feedback, PEEC adaptively estimates channel conditions and administers the transmission of (data and parity) symbols within a packet. This enables successful recovery of both new data and old unrecovered data from prior transmissions. In addition to theoretically analyzing PEEC, the performance of the proposed scheme is extensively analyzed over real channel traces collected on 802.11b WLANs. We compare PEEC performance with the performance of the IEEE802.il standard ARQ protocol as well as contemporary protocols such as enhanced ARQ and the hybrid ARQ/FEC. Our analysis and experimental simulations show that PEEC outperforms all three competing protocols over a wide range of actual 802.11b WLAN collected traces. Finally, the design and implementation of PEEC using an adaptive low-density-parity-check (A-LDPC) decoder is presented.  相似文献   
32.
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials - In the present study, the thermosensitive polymers were successfully grown on the surface of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MNs)...  相似文献   
33.
34.
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are a network designed to gather critical information about the physical conditions of patients and to exchange this information. WBANs are prone to attacks, more than other networks, because of their mobility and the public channel they use. Therefore, mutual authentication and privacy protection are critical for WBANs to prevent attackers from accessing confidential information of patients and executing undetectable physical attacks. In addition, in the authentication and key agreement process, messages should be transferred anonymously such that they are not linkable. In this paper, we first indicate that one of the most recently introduced authentication protocol is vulnerable to the wrong session key agreement attack and desynchronization attack. Second, we propose a lightweight authentication and key agreement protocol, which can withstand the well‐known attacks and provide the anonymity feature. Eventually, we analyze the security of our proposed protocol using both Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) and random oracle model and compare its performance with the related works. The results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed protocol in comparison with the other protocols.  相似文献   
35.
This paper presents a distributed control protocol for consensus control of multi-agent systems (MASs) under external disturbances and network imperfections, including communication delay and random packet dropout. To comply with the discrete nature of networked systems, in contrast to most of the existing work for MASs under network imperfections, the agents are modeled by discrete-time dynamics. The communication network is considered to be undirected, its delay is considered to be time-varying but bounded, and its packet dropout is modeled by a Bernoulli distributed white sequence. Sufficient conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) for asymptotic mean-square consensus stability are derived under network imperfections without considering external disturbances. A desired disturbance attenuation level in the presence of both external disturbances and network imperfections is also provided. A simulation example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in coping with network imperfection and disturbances.   相似文献   
36.
In the present study, hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) was synthesized and modified by tannic acid as a natural poly-phenol and amine (TA-A-HMS) and was applied for the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from aqueous media. To investigate the structure of HMS and TA-A-HMS, SEM, TEM, XRD, BET and FTIR analysis were applied. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on the BSA adsorption were studied. After modification, BET surface area of HMS was reduced from 885?m2/g to 51?m2/g which confirms the presence of tannin and amine groups that inhibit the adsorption of nitrogen molecules. According to the results of equilibrium data, it is shown that Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 1000?mg/g is the predominant model and adsorption is mono-layer. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies also reveal that adsorption kinetic followed by pseudo-second order model and the adsorption process is exothermic.  相似文献   
37.
A C-band mode-locked fibre laser incorporating a boron nitride-doped graphene oxide (BN-GO)-based saturable absorber (SA) is proposed and demonstrated. The SA is fabricated by depositing multiple layers of synthesized BN-GO nanoparticles onto the polished surface of a side-polished fibre, which is then inserted into an erbium-doped fibre laser cavity to generate the desired pulsed output. The strong nonlinear optical response and light absorption of the BN-GO nanoparticles induces the generation of a highly stable mode-locked pulse at 1567.32?nm with visible Kelly’s sidebands. The pulses have a measured repetition rate of 13.56?MHz and a pulse width of 1.18?ps at the maximum pump power of 280.5?mW. The pulses have a frequency signal-to-noise ratio of ~53?dB, indicating a highly stable output. The proposed laser would find significant telecommunications applications, particularly for dense wavelength division multiplexing systems.  相似文献   
38.
Objective: The aim of this study was the preparation of a self nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral delivery of heparin.

Significance: Preparation of hydrophobic complexes between heparin as the hydrophilic macromolecule and cationic polymer of β-cyclodextrin (CPβCD) was considered for preparation of orally administered SNEDDS in which the drug incorporated in internal oil phase of O/W nano-droplets.

Methods: Hydrophobic complexes of heparin-CPβCD were prepared by electrostatic interaction. The lipophilic feature of complexes was characterized by determining their partition co-efficients. SNEDDS prototypes were prepared by mixing liquid paraffin, Tween 80, propylene glycol and ethanol, diluted 1:100 in an aqueous medium. Central composite response surface methodology was applied for statistical optimization. Independent variables were the amount of liquid paraffin and the amount of Tween 80, while responses were size and poly dispersity index (PdI). Optimized SNEDDS were studied morphologically using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro release of heparin was studied in the simulated gastric and simulated intestinal media.

Results: The data revealed that in molar ratio 1:3 (heparin:CPβCD), the n-octanol recovery was maximized and reached 67.6?±?11.86%. Size, PdI, zeta potential, EE% in gastric medium and EE% in intestinal medium for optimized nano-droplets were reported as 307?±?30.51?nm, 0.236?±?0.02,?+2.1?±?0.66?mV, 90.2?±?0.04 and 96.1?±?0.73%, respectively. Microscopic images revealed spherical nano-droplets. The obtained data revealed no burst release of heparin from nano-droplets.

Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that SNEDDS could be regarded as a good candidate for oral delivery of heparin as the hydrophilic macromolecule.  相似文献   
39.
This paper proposes a new efficiency measure that aims at capturing the overall distance to the efficient frontier and not the distance corresponding to a specific projection, as most oriented and non‐oriented methods compute. The proposed approach uses a grid‐based method to sample all possible improvement directions from a given operating point and for each direction it computes a directional efficiency score solving a directional distance function model. This provides information about the distribution of the distance to the efficient frontier. Therefore, the proposed multidirectional efficiency measure does not provide a single efficiency score but a distribution of efficiency scores. The minimum, the median, the Q1 and Q3 quartiles and the maximum can be singled out as representatives of that distribution. The latter corresponds to the closest among the computed efficient targets. In addition to the efficiency score distribution, the associated efficient targets are also provided. The proposed approach can take into account integer and nondiscretionary variables and a preference structure. An application of the method to assess the efficiency of material recovery facilities is presented.  相似文献   
40.
This study aims to investigate the effect of mica content on the mechanical properties of clays.Commercially available ground mica was blended with a locally available clayey soil,at varying nica contents by mass of 5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and 30%,to artificially prepare various micaceous clay blends.The preliminary testing phase included consistency limits and standard Proctor compaction tests.The primary testing program consisted of unconfined compression(UC),direct shear(DS) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) tests.The test results showed that the liquid and plastic limits exhibited a linear,monotonically increasing trend with increase in mica content.The rate of increase in the plastic limit,however,was found to be greater than that of the liquid limit,thereby leading to a gradual transition towards a non-plastic,cohesionless character.The soft,spongy fabric and high water demand of the mica mineral led to higher optimum water contents and lower maximum dry unit weights with increasing mica content.Under low confinement conditions,i.e.the UC test and the DS test at low normal stresses,the shear strength was adversely affected by mica.However,the closer packing of the clay and mica components in the matrix under high confinement conditions offsets the adverse effects of mica by inducing frictional resistance at the shearing interface,thus leading to improved strength resistance.  相似文献   
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