The influence of calcination temperature on catalytic activities in a Co based catalyst for CO2 dry reforming

The carbon dioxide dry reforming of methane (CDR) reaction could be thermodynamically favored in the range of 800 to 1,000 °C. However, the catalyst in this reaction should be avoided at the calcination temperature over 800 °C since strong metal support interaction (SMSI) in this temperature range can decrease activity due to loss of active sites. Therefore, we focused on optimizing the temperature of pretreatment and a comparison of surface characterization results for CDR. Results related to metal sintering over support, re-dispersion by changing of particle size of metal-support, and strong metal support interaction were observed and confirmed in this work. In our conclusion, optimum calcination temperature for a preparation of catalyst was proposed that 400 °C showed a higher and more stable catalytic activity without changing of support characteristics.     

Loading,draining and hold-up in periodically operated trickle-bed reactors

Periodic interruption of liquid flow in co-current trickle beds appears to be an attractive mode of operation. For modelling these intermittent-flow reactors, loading and draining times must be known. Experiments were undertaken using beds of activated carbon with water and air as the fluid phases. Loading time was taken as the time to water breakthrough. The gas flow was continuous while the time between the end of drainage and the start of filling was varied to simulate different periods. Drainage experiments followed the liquid flow leaving the bed as a function time. Liquid hold-ups were determined after the filling and draining measurements. Variables considered were particle size, gas and liquid velocity. Loading closely follows the plug flow model; drainage shows tailing but does not follow literature models. Static and dynamic hold-ups at zero gas flow agree with literature correlations for the larger particle size used. A gas velocity effect on both static and dynamic hold-up was observed.     

Auswirkungen von Temperatur,Schwinden und Kriechen auf Integralbrücken

Effects of temperature, shrinkage and creep on integral bridges. One of the main parameters on the design of an integral bridge is the horizontal displacement at the deck – abutment connection. As integral bridges accommodate superstructure movements without conventional expansion joints and bearings, the horizontal displacement, which can be either deck elongation or deck contraction, is one of the main differences between the design of a “classic” bridge and an integral bridge. In this article, the results on horizontal displacements of a concrete bridge deck with a total bridge length taken as free parameter varying between 20 and 180 m, caused by temperature actions and concrete time dependency aspects incl. prestress are presented. The influences of the consequences using various concrete strength classes and building sequences are included.     

相机眼：建筑中的投影机器

让·弗朗索瓦·利奥塔（Jean-Francios-Lyotard）将电影摄影术表述为对以运动进行的写作,是对电影片断的主动创作。当我们试图通过将时间切分为一系列的静态的,固定的时刻来理解运动,然后再通过某种方式将其连接时,我们便遗失了运动的整体。德勒兹认为随着蒙太奇的出现,片断便具有时间性而并非单纯的空间性.对于“固定片断＋抽象时间”的分析也将转化为对“移动片断＋时间平面”的分析。这一理念亦可通过某种方式类比于建筑,建筑师的活动与电影制作过程表现出较强的相似性。这也同样体现在“相机眼”（Camera Eye project）中。     

Low dose powdered activated carbon addition at high sludge retention times to reduce fouling in membrane bioreactors

The addition of a low concentration of PAC (0.5 g L⁻¹ of sludge, i.e. a dose of 4 mg L⁻¹ of wastewater), in combination with a relatively long SRT (50 days), to improve membrane filtration performance was investigated in two pilot-scale MBRs treating real municipal wastewater. Continuous filterability tests at high flux showed the possibility to run for 18 h at 72 L m⁻² h⁻¹ and 180 h at 50 L m⁻² h⁻¹, while significant fouling occurred without PAC. In addition, measurements of the critical flux showed an increase of 10% for this strategy. Low dosage and high retention time makes it feasible and cost effective. Further advantages with regard to permeate quality and possible micropollutants removal are currently under investigation.     

Structural characteristics of phosphorus-doped C60 thin film prepared by radio frequency-plasma assisted thermal evaporation technique

Phosphorus doped C60 (P:C60) thin films were prepared by a radio frequency plasma assisted thermal evaporation technique using C60 powder as a carbon source and a mixture of argon and phosphine (PH3) gas as a dopant precursor. The effects of the plasma power on the structural characteristics of the as-prepared films were then studied using Raman spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photo-electrons spectroscopy (XPS). XPS and Auger analysis indicated that the films were mainly composed of C and P and that the concentration of P was proportional to the plasma power. The Raman results implied that the doped films contained a more disordered carbon structure than the un-doped samples. The P:C60 films were then used as a coating layer for the Si anodes of lithium ion secondary batteries. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis of the P:C60 coated Si electrodes demonstrated that the P:C60 coating layer might be used to improve the transport of Li-ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface.     

Playing pinball with atoms

We demonstrate the feasibility of controlling an atomic scale mechanical device by an external electrical signal. On a germanium substrate, a switching motion of pairs of atoms is induced by electrons that are directly injected into the atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope tip. By precisely controlling the tip current and distance we make two atom pairs behave like the flippers of an atomic-sized pinball machine. This atomic scale mechanical device exhibits six different configurations.     

Characterization of various fly ashes for preparation of geopolymers with advanced applications

Fly ashes from different power stations in Australia (Collie, Eraring, Tarong) and Mongolia (4th thermal power station, Ulaanbaatar city) have been characterized by various techniques. It was determined that the Australian fly ashes are class F while the Mongolian fly ashes are class C. Due to their chemical and mineralogical differences, the fly ashes behaved differently when alkali activated to make geopolymers. The influence of various parameters on the preparation of geopolymers have been investigated and the results are used to establish a procedure for the routine manufacture of alkaline activated products. The applicability of using fly ash for building structural elements, corrosion resistant and thermally resistant materials will be presented.     

Contact size-dependent switching instabilities in HfO2 RRAM

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - A comprehensive understanding of the resistive switching mechanisms that activate REDOX-based random access memory devices is necessary to...