Prefers Hardin's solution.

Suggests that J. Platt's (see record 1974-20763-001) article on the Skinnerian approach to human problems poses a solution, setting up a superordinate authority, seen by G. Hardin (1968) as incongruous with a free society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethical issues in research on student protest.

An overview of research on student protest reveals that some researchers view dissenting students as "sick," while others view society and its institutions as culpable. The ethics of research are examined, and it is concluded that the same phenomena are interpreted differently by researchers depending on their own attitudes. Modern and traditional views of researchers account for the different conclusions obtained. It is suggested that caution be taken when interpreting these contradictory findings in treating the individual dissenting student. It is proposed that contrary results may be reconciled by examining the underlying preconceptions of researchers toward students and society. (22 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are brook trout streams in western Virginia and Shenandoah National Park recovering from acidification?

Streamwater composition data obtained through periodic sampling of streams that support brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the mountains of western Virginia were examined for evidence of recovery from acidification during the 1988-2001 period. Measurements of sulfate deposition in precipitation indicate that sulfate deposition in the region declined approximately 40% between 1985 and 2000. While no significant regional trends in acid-base constituents were observed for the set (n = 65) of western Virginia study streams, significant regional trends were observed for a subset (n = 14) of streams in Shenandoah National Park (SNP). For the subset of SNP streams, the median increase in acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) was 0.168 microequiv L(-1) year(-1) and the median decrease in sulfate concentration was -0.229 microequiv L(-1) year(-1). Although these trends are consistent with recovery from acidification, the degree of apparent recovery is small compared to estimates of historic acidification in SNP streams and much less than observed in other, more northern regions in the United States. Correlation between sulfate concentration trends and current sulfate concentrations in streamwater suggests that recovery from stream acidification in the western Virginia region is determined by sulfur retention processes in watershed soils. A transient increase in nitrate concentrations that occurred among some western Virginia streams following forest defoliation by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) complicates interpretation of the observed patterns of change in acid-base status.     

Beleuchtungsplanung für Arbeitsräume

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Photoinitiated polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate with cotton cellulose

Unsensitized, photoinitiated polymerization reactions of glycidyl methacrylate from solutions of water and water–methanol with cotton cellulose fabrics were investigated. When several layers of cotton fabrics were immersed in solutions of glycidyl methacrylate and only the surface layer was exposed to light, polymerization reactions were initiated in this layer and also initiated in inner layers of fabrics, probably by chain transfer reactions. Photoinitiated (350 nm, 24 W, 34 min) polymerizations of glycidyl methacrylate (7.5 vol-%) from water (43 vol-%)–methanol (57 vol-%) with cotton fabrics in one-, three-, and six-layered configurations were: one-layered, 32% polymer; three-layered, 30%, 27%, and 25% polymer; and six-layered, 29%, 25%, 22%, 20%, 14%, and 11% polymer. Electron-microscopic examination of the distribution of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) within the cotton fibrous structure showed that polymer was distributed throughout the cross section of the fiber. At the surface of the fibers, the polymer tended to be more concentrated than within the cross section of the fibers and to encapsulate them. Photoinitiated polymerization reactivities of several vinyl monomers from solution with cotton cellulose fabrics were compared with those of glycidyl methacrylate as follows: methyl methacrylate > glycidyl methacrylate > diacetone acrylamide > 1,3-butylene dimethacrylate > methacrylic acid > acrylonitrile > divinylbenzene.     

Derivation of the equations of motion for complex structures by symbolic manipulation

This paper outlines a computer program especially tailored to the task of deriving explicit equations of motion for structures with point-connected substructures. The special purpose program is written in FORTRAN and is designed for performing the specific algebraic operations encountered in the derivation of explicit equations of motion. The derivation is by the Lagrangian approach. Using an orderly kinematical procedure and a discretization and/or truncation scheme, it is possible to write the kinetic and potential energy of each substructure in a compact vector-matrix form. Then, if each element of the matrices and vectors encountered in the kinetic and potential energy is a known algebraic expression, the computer program performs the necessary operations to evaluate the kinetic and potential energy of the system explicitly. Lagrange's equations for small motions about equilibrium can be deduced directly from the explicit form of the system kinetic and potential energy.     

Rapeseed meal and egg taint: The role of sinapine

Neither the administration of sinapine bisulphate in the diet, nor the repeated intramuscular or intravenous injection of large doses of this substance, reduced the ability of chicks or laying hens to oxidise trimethylamine (TMA), as measured by the activity of TMA oxidase in hepatic microsomes or the amounts of ¹⁴C-TMA oxide that appeared in the plasma after the infusion of a standard dose of ¹⁴C-TMA. Thus, in contrast to its behaviour in vitro, sinapine did not produce significant inhibition of TMA oxidase under these conditions. Since the amount included in the diet was similar to that which would be provided by a diet containing 10% rapeseed meal, it was concluded that sinapine is not involved in the depression of TMA oxidation that occurs when the meal is fed and acts solely as a source of TMA in the consequent production of egg taint.     

Decomposition of very large-scale Newton-Raphson based flowsheeting problems

This paper presents an approach for decomposing and solving the very large set of linear equations forming the innermost loop of the Newton-Raphson method. In a straightforward manner the equation set is decomposed into smaller sets, one of each unit in the process and a small set for the overall process. Solution proceeds in three steps: forward elimination for each unit subset, solving completely the residual plus overall process flowsheet equations, and a backward substitution for the unit subsets. The decomposition permits effective use of mass memory when solving very large flowsheeting problems. It also enhances the performance of local pivot strategies used in existing sparse matrix codes.     

The optimal level of fuzz: case studies in a methodology for psychological research

Cognitive science research is hard to conduct, because researchers must take phenomena from the world and turn them into laboratory tasks for which a reasonable level of experimental control can be achieved. Consequently, research necessarily makes tradeoffs between internal validity (experimental control) and external validity (the degree to which a task represents behaviour outside of the lab). Researchers are thus seeking the best possible trade-off between these constraints, which we refer to as the optimal level of fuzz. We present two principles for finding the optimal level of fuzz, in research, and then illustrate these principles using research from motivation, individual differences and cognitive neuroscience.     

Viscoelastic study of ionomers

Stress-relaxation curves were obtained for ionomers containing different cations, per cents of ionization, and thermal treatments. Differences in the rheological behavior were found to depend more on the ionization level than on the ion. A recently proposed model for ionomers is discussed and found to be consistent with these results. In terms of this model the degree of ionization in the polymer acts as a regulator for the growth of small oriented lamellar (crystalline) regions. In the most general terms, the mechanical behavior and strength of ionomers appears dominated by the existence of “hard” regions interspersed among “soft” regions. In the polymers studied here there was some slight crystallinity; however, similar effects and explanations are probably suitable for amorphous “ionomers.” Toughness was also found in some completely amorphous carboxylcontaining copolymers without added ionic salts. The same explanation of “hard” regions interspersed among soft regions is also valid here. The “blocky” nature of the copolymerization may play a role in setting up this type of structure.