Comment: Process-dissociation measurement models: Threshold theory or detection theory?

Several methods to account for response biases in the process-dissociation procedure have been proposed. A. P. Yonelinas and L. L. Jacoby (1996) have favored a dual-process, signal-detection model (DPSDM) and have claimed that threshold-based models such as the extended measurement model (EMM) suggested by A. Buchner, E. Erdfelder, and B. Vaterrodt-Plünnecke (1995) should be rejected because threshold models are inconsistent with nonlinear receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) as obtained from confidence ratings. Their claim is shown to be incorrect. An EMM variant for confidence ratings is developed that accounts perfectly for nonlinear ROCs. It is demonstrated that, in contrast, the DPSDM favored by Yonelinas and Jacoby (1996) cannot fit the ROC data of 2 of the 3 experiments reported by A. P. Yonelinas (1994). Further, it is argued that experimental manipulations of response biases result in more thorough tests of process-dissociation models than confidence ratings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework.

L. L. Jacoby's (1991) process dissociation framework has been welcomed as a tool for differentiating controlled and automatic cognitive processes. Several variants of the original process dissociation measurement model are integrated in this article, and it is shown that the model ignores guessing and, hence, response bias. An extension of the original model is suggested that includes guessing parameters. The original model and the extended model are evaluated empirically. In 3 experiments using a yes–no recognition task, response bias was manipulated in various ways. The original model falsely attributes effects of response biases to either controlled or uncontrolled processes or to both. The extended model, in contrast, results in estimates of the contributions of controlled and uncontrolled memory processes that are relatively unaffected by response biases. The extended model is recommended as a measurement tool. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

原装德国SPS@PEH先进刮胶技术

每台SPS@STOP滚筒丝网印刷机都拥有一个独特的PEH（气压、电动、液压式）刮胶系统。该创新技术及精密结构一经问世，就成为诸多网印设备制造商竞相模仿的对象，但直到今天，仍没有一项其他技术可与之相媲美，也因此，SPS@仍牢牢占据市场领导地位。     

Determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins by simulated annealing with interproton distance restraints. Application to crambin, potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor and barley serine proteinase inhibitor 2

An automated method, based on the principle of simulated annealing,is presented for determining the three-dimensional structuresof proteins on the basis of short (<5 Å) interprotondistance data derived from nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE)measurements. The method makes use of Newton's equations ofmotion to increase temporarily the temperature of the systemin order to search for the global minimum region of a targetfunction comprising purely geometric restraints. These consistof interproton distances supplemented by bond lengths, bondangles, planes and soft van der Waals repulsion terms. The latterreplace the dihedral, van der Waals, electrostatic and hydrogen-bondingpotentials of the empirical energy function used in moleculardynamics simulations. The method presented involves the implementationof a number of innovations over our previous restrained moleculardynamics approach [Clore,G.M., Brünger,A.T., Karplus,M.and Gronenborn,A.M. (1986) J. Mol. Biol., 191, 523–551].These include the development of a new effective potential forthe interproton distance restraints whose functional form isdependent on the magnitude of the difference between calculatedand target values, and the design and implementation of robustand fully automatic protocol. The method is tested on threesystems: the model system crambin (46 residues) using X-raystructure derived interproton distance restraints, and potatocarboxypeptidase inhibitor (CPI; 39 residues) and barley serineproteinase inhibitor 2 (BSPI-2; 64 residues) using experimentallyderived interproton distance restraints. Calculations were carriedout starting from the extended strands which had atomic r.m.s.differences of 57, 38 and 33 Å with respect to the crystalstructures of BSPI-2, crambin and CPI respectively. Unbiasedsampling of the conformational space consistent with the restraintswas achieved by varying the random number seed used to assignthe initial velocities. This ensures that the different trajectoriesdiverge during the early stages of the simulations and onlyconverge later as more and more interproton distance restraintsare satisfied. The average backbone atomic r.m.s. differencebetween the converged structures is 2.2 ± 0.3 Åfor crambin (nine structures), 2.4 ± 0.3 Å forCPI (eight structures) and 2.5 ± 0.2 Å for BSPI-2(five structures). The backbone atomic r.m.s. difference betweenthe mean structures derived by averaging the coordinates ofthe converged structures and the corresponding X-ray structuresis 1.2 Å for crambin, 1.6 Å for CPI and 1.7 Åfor BSPI-2.     

Oberflächenpräzisionsbearbeitung mit Ionenstrahlen

Low energy ion beam processing becomes more and more established in the development and manufacturing of high precision surfaces as a final complementary step of the conventional surfaces polishing of special optical and mechanical parts. The presented paper gives a comprehensive overview about different ion beam processing techniques and demonstrates the applicability of the ion beam figuring to the final correction of high precision surfaces.     

Topochemistry. Part XXXIX. The Solid-state Photochemistry of some 2′-Nitrochalcones

It is shown that the specific pathway of a complex photochemical reaction in the solid state is governed by the molecular conformation and its retention, and by the molecular packing. 2′-Nitrochalcone and those of its derivatives which are isomorphous with it display the s-trans conformation in the solid state and yield indigos upon irradiation. However, this conformation is not sufficient to ensure photoreactivity: thus the s-trans-4-bromo-derivative does not yield indigo. The same derivative in the s-cis conformation (in a second crystal form) has a crystal structure similar to that of the parent compound, and also does not yield indigo.     

Ausbreitung von Abgasfahnen

The dispersion of pollutant plumes . Experimental methods for the determination of plume characteristics and basic mathematical diffusion models with particular emphasis on Gaussian models are reviewed. The most important process in the dispersion of air pollutants is turbulent diffusion in the atmosphere. Equidensitometric measurements of oil refinery plumes in North Germany show that the Gaussian plume model is applicable. The fundamental plume concentration standard deviations and eddy diffusivity coefficients are determined. The equidensitometric model of the eddy structure of plumes explains the time-averaged properties of the plume.     

Strength of old timber

Non destructive testing has proved to be a useful way of determining the strength of old construction timbers, confirm Wolfgang Rug and Axel Seemann of the Bauakademie, Berlin. The authors in a significant number of tests, did not observe the expected decrease in strength of old timbers