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121.
In the present work, the ohmic resistance of an integrated planar-SOFC (IP-SOFC) has been evaluated by developing a model
whose equations have been solved numerically through an FEM method. The model allows to estimate the distribution of voltage
and current density in the cell. A comparison between simulated and experimental data of area specific resistance is reported,
which shows satisfactory agreement. The mathematical model has also been used to carry out some parametric studies for optimisation
purposes. Indeed, a reduction in cell pitch length and an increase in electrode thickness are predicted to lead to a reduction
in ohmic losses in IP-SOFCs. 相似文献
122.
Reda Karoum Antonio de Lucas-Consuegra Fernando Dorado Jose Luis Valverde Alain Billard Philippe Vernoux 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(8):1083-1088
The electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC) of propene combustion was investigated using Pt sputtered thin film on an
O2− conductor, 8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized-ZrO2 (YSZ). In order to separate the influence of the thermal migration of the O2− oxide ions from the electrolyte to the catalyst surface and the impact of an electrical polarization on the catalytic activity,
several light-off experiments (cool down and heat up procedures) were successively performed under different polarizations,
i.e. OCV, +2 and −2 V. These experiments have clearly shown that the presence of O2− (thermally or electrochemically induced) inhibits the catalytic activity of the platinum for the propene deep oxidation.
These results demonstrate the importance to define a normalized rate enhancement ratio, ρ
n
, from a reference value of the catalytic rate corresponding to a Pt surface state free of O2− ions. 相似文献
123.
Habibeh Haddad Dabaghi Abdolmajid Bayandori Moghaddam Mahmood Kazemzad Rassoul Dinarvand Fezze Aryanasab Mohammad Reza Nabid 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(3):409-413
Electrochemical treatment processes can significantly contribute to the protection of the environment through the minimization
of waste and toxic materials in effluents. From a pharmaceutical point of view and due to the existing resemblance between
the electrochemical and biological reactions, it can be assumed that the oxidation mechanisms on the electrode and in the
body share similar principles. In this paper, the application of electrochemical studies in the design of an environmentally
friendly method was delineated for the new hydrocaffeic acid (HCA, 3,4-dihydroxy hydrocinnamic acid) derivatives synthesis
at carbon electrodes in an undivided cell. In this cell, the EC mechanism reaction was involved, comprising two steps alternatively;
(1) electrochemical oxidation and (2) chemical reaction. In particular, the electro-organic reactions of HCA, an important
biological molecule, were studied in a water–acetonitrile (90:10 v/v) mixture in the presence of benzenesulfinic acid (3) and p-toluenesulfinic acid (4). The research included the use of a variety of experimental techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, controlled-potential
electrolysis and product spectroscopic identification. 相似文献
124.
Namsin Park Takeyuki Shiraishi Kazuyoshi Kamisugi Yoshitaka Hara Keita Iizuka Takashi Kado Shuzi Hayase 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(3):371-375
A direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC), which is less prone to ethanol crossover, is reported. The cell consists of PtRu/C catalyst as the anode, Nafion® 117 membrane, and Ni–Co–Fe (NCF) composite catalyst as the cathode. The NCF catalyst was synthesized by mixing Ni, Co, and Fe complexes into a polymer matrix (melamine-formaldehyde resins), followed by heating the mixture at 800 °C under inert atmosphere. TEM and EDX experiments suggest that the NCF catalyst has alloy structures of Ni, Co and Fe. The catalytic activity of the NCF catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was compared with that of commercially available Pt/C (CAP) catalyst at different ethanol concentrations. The decrease in open circuit voltage (Voc) of the DEFC equipped with the NCF catalysts was less than that of CAP catalyst at higher ethanol concentrations. The NCF catalyst was less prone to ethanol oxidation at cathode even when ethanol crossover occurred through the Nafion®117 film, which prevents voltage drop at the cathode. However, the CAP catalyst did oxidize ethanol at the cathode and caused a decrease in voltage at higher ethanol concentrations. 相似文献
125.
Placid Rodriguez 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2004,35(9):2697-2705
A critical review of available results on the dependence of grain size on the activation parameters for deformation, specifically,
the activation volume, V*, and the thermal component of flow stress, σ*, has been carried out with a view to verifying the Armstrong prediction that identifies the Hall-Petch (H-P) intercept with
the easy slip system and the H-P slope with the most difficult system in polycrystals. The influence of slip system choice
is demonstrated using results on Cd and Zr. The Armstrong prediction is valid for basal slip hcp metals, such as Cd and Zn,
with V* and σ* determined by the difficult pyramidal slip. For the prism slip metals such as Zr and Ti, V* and σ* are controlled by interstitial solutes and are independent of grain size. The results on Zr are used to highlight the influence
of dynamic strain aging on the H-P parameters. In bcc metals, in which the Peierls-Nabarro barrier is the rate-controlling
obstacle, V* and σ* are again independent of grain size. For fcc metals, correlation of the H-P slope with the cross-slip stress, predicted
by the Armstrong model, has been demonstrated for a few cases. The variation of V* with grain size in Ni as reported by Narutani and Takamura (Acta Metall. Mater., 1991, vol. 227, pp. 2037–49) is newly interpreted in terms of the Armstrong model that associates the H-P intercept in fcc
metals with dislocation intersections and the H-P slope with cross-slip, and provides realistic results for the activation
volumes for the two processes.
This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium “Dynamic Deformation: Constitutive Modeling, Grain Size, and
Other Effects: In Honor of Prof. Ronald W. Armstrong,” March 2–6, 2003, at the 2003 TMS/ASM Annual Meeting, San Diego, California,
under the auspices of the TMS/ASM Joint Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee. 相似文献
126.
The reaction between MgO and graphite powders under flowing argon atmosphere was studied using a dynamic thermogravimetric
method. In the temperature range 293 to 1973 K, the effects of compacting pressure, magnesia/carbon ratio, heating rate, Ar
carrier-gas flow rate, and CO-partial pressure were investigated. An experimentally determined reaction mechanism was proposed
and discussed. The reduction process could be divided into two stages. The first stage includes the direct reaction between
MgO and graphite particles and partial gas-solid reaction at relatively low temperature (below 1750 K). The overall reaction
rate depends on the solid phase-boundary reaction between magnesia and carbon particles. The second stage is the gas-solid
reaction between CO and MgO, which determines the overall reaction rate. The apparent activation energies of the two stages
were estimated to be 208.29 and 374.13 kJ/mol, respectively. 相似文献
127.
128.
Dynamic neural networks with different time-scales include the aspects of fast and slow phenomenons. Some applications require
that the equilibrium points of the designed networks are stable. In this paper, the passivity-based approach is used to derive
stability conditions for dynamic neural networks with different time-scales. Several stability properties, such as passivity,
asymptotic stability, input-to-state stability and bounded input bounded output stability, are guaranteed in certain senses.
A numerical example is also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. 相似文献
129.
Gloria Galan-Marin Enrique Merida-Casermeiro Domingo Lopez-Rodriguez 《Neural Processing Letters》2007,26(2):133-143
Detection of isomorphism among kinematic chains is essential in mechanical design, but difficult and computationally expensive.
It has been shown that both traditional methods and previously presented neural networks still have a lot to be desired in
aspects such as simplifying procedure of identification and adapting automatic computation. Therefore, a new algorithm based
on a competitive Hopfield network is developed for automatic computation in the kinematic chain isomorphism problem. The neural
approach provides directly interpretable solutions and does not demand tuning of parameters. We have tested the algorithm
by solving problems reported in the recent mechanical literature. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the network
that rapidly identifies isomorphic kinematic chains. 相似文献
130.
Statistical machine translation systems are usually trained on large amounts of bilingual text (used to learn a translation
model), and also large amounts of monolingual text in the target language (used to train a language model). In this article
we explore the use of semi-supervised model adaptation methods for the effective use of monolingual data from the source language
in order to improve translation quality. We propose several algorithms with this aim, and present the strengths and weaknesses
of each one. We present detailed experimental evaluations on the French–English EuroParl data set and on data from the NIST
Chinese–English large-data track. We show a significant improvement in translation quality on both tasks. 相似文献