Degradation of low‐density polyethylene during extrusion. VI. Effects of oxygen content in air gap

In our previous papers polyethylene degradation during extrusion coating has been studied and the type of degradation products that are formed and from which step they originate have been discussed. A trained sensory panel has rated the off‐flavor intensities in water samples that have been in contact with various extruded films. Encouraged by the results from these investigations and the documented synergism between aldehydes and ketones and aldehydes and carboxylic acids in off‐flavor intensity, the present study was aimed at confirming the belief that the off‐flavor depends on the presence of oxidative degradation products that have migrated from the film into the water. By decreasing the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere surrounding the extruded melt presence of the highly oxidized species (i.e., carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids) would decrease and thus the off‐flavor in the water should decline. From this study it could be concluded that the extrusion temperature and the oxygen content in the atmosphere nearest the molten film before quenching are the most important parameters for oxidative degradation and residence time in the air gap influence the amount of oxidative degradation products formed. Furthermore we concluded that the off‐flavor intensity is strongly correlated to the surface oxidation index of the film. Carboxylic acids are present in the water extracts of extruded films and are related to the off‐flavor intensities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1767–1775, 2005     

Perspectives and results on the stability and stabilizability ofhybrid systems

This paper introduces the concept of a hybrid system and some of the challenges associated with the stability of such systems, including the issues of guaranteeing stability of switched stable systems and finding conditions for the existence of switched controllers for stabilizing switched unstable systems. In this endeavour, this paper surveys the major results in the (Lyapunov) stability of finite-dimensional hybrid systems and then discusses the stronger, more specialized results of switched linear (stable and unstable) systems. A section detailing how some of the results can be formulated as linear matrix inequalities is given. Stability analyses on the regulation of the angle of attack of an aircraft and on the PI control of a vehicle with an automatic transmission are given. Other examples are included to illustrate various results in this paper     

Periodic Control for Improved Low-Temperature Catalytic Activity

The influence of transient changes in the gas composition on the low-temperature activity of a commercial three-way catalyst and a Pt/Al₂O₃ model catalyst has been studied. By introducing well-controlled periodic O₂ pulses to simple gas mixtures of CO or C₃H₆ (in N₂), a substantial improvement of the low temperature oxidation activity was observed for both catalysts. The reason for low activity at low temperatures is normally attributed to self-poisoning by CO or hydrocarbons. The improved catalytic performance observed here is suggested to origin from the transients causing a surface reactant composition that is favourable for the reaction rate.     

Photochemical modification of polymers—photocrosslinking,surface photografting,and lamination

The molecular mechanism, the kinetics and the process development of photocrosslinking of diene elastomers, of high density and low density polyethylenes, and of new linear and dendritic unsaturated polyesters using UV-irradiation are described. New methods for modification of various polymers by surface photografting are presented, the effects on adhesion and adsorption, and the mechanism of the reactions related to the shortlived high energy states of aromatic ketones as initiators are presented and discussed. The development of surface photografting as a new method for UV-initiated lamination of various polymer films and sheets is described, the molecular mechanism and the kinetics of the reactions are discussed, and the mechanical and barrier properties of the laminates are presented.     

Photo-Assisted Processes for Improved Catalytic Activity and Selectivity of Environmentally Harmful Emissions

Photoenhanced activity of several supported noble metal/metal oxide combinations has been explored. Significant activity is observed for supported Pt and Pd samples. Specifically, the so called light-off temperatures for CO oxidation are found to decrease upon illumination. Evidence for a photocatalytic non-thermal mechanism rather than a photo-assisted thermal process is found through the wavelength dependence for CO oxidation on a Pt/alumina catalyst. The difficulty of separating real photocatalytic from other photo-assisted effects in the case of porous samples is discussed.     

Projected beam irradiation at low latitudes using Meteonorm database

The quantitative analysis of beam radiation received on a solar concentrator may be understood by evaluating the projected solar height angle or profile angle along the north–south vertical plane. This means that all the sunrays projected along the north–south vertical plane will be intercepted by a collector provided the projection angle lies within the acceptance angle. The Meteonorm method of calculating solar radiation on any arbitrary oriented surface uses the globally simulated meteorological databases. Meteonorm has become a valuable tool for estimating solar radiation where measured solar radiation data is missing or irregular. In this paper we present the projected beam solar radiation at low latitudes based on the standard Meteonorm calculations. The conclusion is that there is potential in using solar concentrators at these latitudes since the projected beam radiation is more during winter periods than in summer months. This conclusion is in conformity with the design principle of solar collectors for worst case conditions.     

O-Cell Testing and FE Analysis of 28-m-Deep Barrette in Manila, Philippines

Alfaro's Peak is to be a 28-story residential building located in Makati, Manila, Philippines. The loads are high and concentrated, which necessitated supporting the building on deep foundations, penetrating into a residual soil called the Guadalupe Tuff formation encountered at a depth of approximately 15 m. The foundation chosen consisted of a perimeter diaphragm wall combined with rectangularly shaped, 2.4-m2 cross section, barrettes to support interior columns. A static loading test using the Osterberg-cell (O-cell) test method was performed to study the barrette capacity and deformation behavior. This paper describes the O-cell test, summarizes a finite-element (FE) analysis performed to assist interpretation of the results, and indicates foundation design change adopted as a result of the test. The maximum applied O-cell load during the tests was 11,600 kN. The accumulated upward movement of the top plate was about 10 mm. The accumulated upward movement of the bottom plate was 58 mm, corresponding to about 6% of the barrette width. The results of testing and analyses performed show that the shaft resistance (side shear) acting on the barrette is proportional to the effective stress distribution. This means that any design based on the parameters established from the analysis of the test must include the unloading consequence of basement excavation at the site. The FE computations enabled a comparison between the O-cell test and a conventional head-down test, which indicated that the O-cell test results are representative for the behavior of the barrette in a conventional head-down test and gave insight in the overall load-transfer behavior of the barrette. The O-cell test, strain gauge instrumentation, and FE analysis gave reliable results of decisive importance for the design of the barrettes and other foundation units at the site.     

Fabrication of advanced fiber Bragg gratings by use of sequential writing with a continuous-wave ultraviolet laser source

We present a novel scheme based on sequential writing for fabrication of advanced fiber Bragg gratings. As opposed to earlier sequential methods this technique uses a cw UV laser source and allows for very precise control and repetitivity of the formation of the gratings. Furthermore it is possible to use high average irradiances without destroying the fiber, resulting in considerable reduction in fabrication time for complex gratings. The method has been applied to several test gratings, which proved its versatility and quality.