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61.
以水资源可持续发展为出发点,探讨了一种可以同时兼顾经济发展、水资源利用和社会效益的多目标水资源宏观经济模型的建立方法,通过引入带权2-模评价函数,将多目标优化问题转变成单目标优化问题。以2002年为现状水平年,对安徽省2010年的产业结构及产业规模进行优化分析。结果表明,多目标模型求得的总用水量较单目标模型明显降低,而两模型优化的产业规模与结构差别不大,体现了高用水效率行业优先发展的要求。 相似文献
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Xue‐Bing Zhao Lei Wang De‐Hua Liu 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2008,83(6):950-956
Previous work has shown that the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse could be greatly enhanced by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment. There are several factors affecting the enzymatic digestibility of the biomass, including lignin and hemicelluloses content, cellulose crystallinity, acetyl group content, accessible surface area and so on. The objective of this work is to analyze the mechanism of the enhancement of enzymatic digestibility caused by PAA pretreatment. Delignification resulted in an increase of the surface area and reduction of the irreversible absorption of cellulase, which helped to increase the enzymatic digestibility. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were weakened or disappeared after PAA pretreatment. However, the infrared crystallization index (N.O'KI) was increased. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of PAA‐treated samples was increased owing to the partial removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses and probable physical change of cellulose. The effect of acetyl group content on enzymatic digestibility is negligible compared with the degree of delignification and crystallinity. The results indicate that enhancement of enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by PAA pretreatment is achieved mainly by delignification and an increase in the surface area and exposure of cellulose fibers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
65.
Stress analysis of spontaneous Sn whisker growth 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
K. N. Tu Chih Chen Albert T. Wu 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2007,18(1-3):269-281
Spontaneous Sn whisker growth is a surface relief phenomenon of creep, driven by a compressive stress gradient. No externally
applied stress is required for the growth, and the compressive stress is generated within, from the chemical reaction between
Sn and Cu to form the intermetallic compound Cu6Sn5 at room temperature. To obtain the compressive stress gradient, a break of the protective oxide on the Sn surface is required
because the free surface of the break is stress-free. Thus, spontaneous Sn whisker growth is unique that stress relaxation
accompanies stress generation. One of the whisker challenging issues in understanding and in finding effective methods to
prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth is to develop accelerated tests of whisker growth. Use of electromigration on short
Sn stripes can facilitate this. The stress distribution around the vicinity and the root of a whisker can be obtained by using
the micro-beam X-ray diffraction utilizing synchrotron radiation. A discussion of how to prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth
by blocking both stress generation and stress relaxation is given. 相似文献
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Skim and whole milk powders were manufactured at lab scale by spray freeze drying (SFD), using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The polydispersity of droplet/particle sizes was limited using an encapsulator nozzle to atomize the feed. Particle morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Samples were compared with equivalent spray-dried powders in tests of wettability and dissolution in water. The spray freeze-dried powders were found to be highly porous, with a uniform structure of pores throughout the entire particles. When tested in water, SFD skim milk powders wetted roughly three times as fast as industrially spray-dried agglomerated skim milk powders and were observed to dissolve rapidly by breaking down into smaller particles. 相似文献
68.
介绍了一种带USB接口的光的155Mb/s码型发生器。伪随机码和其他格式的码型由PC产生通过USB接口进入双口RAM,再经串并变换后由光发射模块发射。该系统可方便地设定各种格式的码型,并同时具备光接口和电接口,可广泛应用于光通信各种实验中,具有重要的实用价值。 相似文献
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