Fire Controlling Under Uncertainty in Urban Region Using Smart Vehicular Ad hoc Network

Every year thousands of urban and industrial fires occur, which leads to the destruction of infrastructure, buildings, and loss of lives. One of the reasons behind this is the delayed transmission of information to the fire station and the nearer hospitals for ambulance service as the transmission of information is dependent on observer at the location where the fire is caught and cellular network. This paper proposed an automated routing protocol for the urban vehicular ad-hoc network to send the information from the location where the fire is caught to the nearest fire stations and hospitals with optimum service time. This transmission of information involves Road Side Unit (RSU) at the junction and the vehicles present in the transmission path. Selection of route to transmit faulty vehicle information from the RSU to the required faulty vehicle is based on a parameter called path value. The computation of path value is done by the attributes such as expected End To End (E2E) delay, the shortest distance to destination, the density of vehicle between the junctions, and attenuation. From the current junction, the selection of the next junction is based on minimum path value. The proposed routing protocol considers the performance parameters such as E2E delay, total service time (TST), number of network fragments or network gaps, number of hops, and attenuation for the propagation path for the evaluation of the proposed methodology. The proposed routing algorithm is implemented through OmNet++ and SUMO. Results obtained for the proposed routing protocol is compared with three existing VANET protocols (GSR, A-STAR, and ARP) in terms of End To End delay, number of hops, number of vehicular gaps, and Total Service Time (TST).

     

Ultra high gain CMOS Op-Amp design using self-cascoding and positive feedback

This paper presents an ultra high gain two stage CMOS Operational Amplifier which is designed using self-cascoding and positive feedback technique in order to provide gain enhancement. By comparing the circuit with other designed circuits it has been shown that applying positive feedback increases the gain of the Op-Amp without affecting other properties of the amplifier. The proposed circuit is designed in 45 nm technology using Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Environment tool at ±1 V supply. The Op-Amp is designed to achieve a high gain of 141 dB while maintaining a UGB of 101 MHz and phase margin of 60°. The simulation results conforms the estimated theoretical improvements. The dependence of various properties such as slew rate, UGB, settling time and phase margin of the designed Op-Amp on compensating capacitor C_C has also been analyzed in this paper. Finally, the simulation results have been compared with a previously reported Op-Amp utilizing positive feedback technique.

     

Non-linear dynamic analysis of shallow spherical shells on elastic foundations

The present study investigates the effect of Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation parameters on the nonlinear dynamic response of shallow spherical shells. The values of foundation parameters ( and ) have been determined for the minimaximum central response of the shallow shells for both the clamped as well as simply supported immovable edge conditions. Donnell type partial differential equations governing the moderately large amplitude behaviour of shallow spherical shells resting on Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundations under step pressure loading, have been analysed. The space and time-wise integrations of governing equations have been carried out using Chebyshev series and Houbolt techniques, respectively. It is also shown that the present analysis can be extended to study the dynamic buckling of shallow shells resting on elastic foundations.     

Physicochemical Characterization of Chrysin‐Derivative‐Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Special Reference to Anticancer Activity

Homologues long‐chain chrysin derivatives (LCD, C _n: 8–18) were synthesized and incorporated into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) with the aim to treat human neuroblastoma. Mutual miscibility and attractive interactions among the NLC components, namely tripalmitin (TP), cetyl palmitate (CP), oleic acid (OA), and the chrysin (CHR) derivatives (LCD) at the air–water interface were assessed by the Langmuir monolayer approach. Optimum combination for the NLC formulations was found to be 2:2:1 (M/M/M) for TP/CP/OA, respectively. NLC formulations, both in the absence and presence of LCD, were characterized by combined dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The size and zeta potential of the NLC formulations were found in the range 200–350 nm and ?12 to ?18 mV, respectively. Encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics of CHR and LCD when loaded into NLC were also evaluated. LCD exhibited maximum incorporation, drug‐loading capacity, and sustained release because of its enhanced hydrophobicity. Superior incorporation efficiency and sustained‐release profile of LCD were able to enhance their anticancer activity against human neuroblastoma cell lines, compared to CHR, making them promising agents in combating cancer.     

Design and evaluation of high-pressure nozzle assembly for laser cutting of thick carbon steel

Laser cutting of carbon steel is extensively used across a range of industries, due to its advantage of high speed, low kerf and high quality. Currently, a 1-kW carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser with its subsonic nozzle assembly can be used only to cut steel plates up to around 10 mm. This paper aims to design and evaluate a high-pressure supersonic laser cutting nozzle assembly, which can enable a 1-kW CO₂ laser to cut steel of up to 50 mm thickness. Basic gas dynamic and compressible flow equations were used to design the supersonic nozzle assembly. The flow of the high-pressure gas jet inside the nozzle assembly was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and the structural integrity of the high-pressure nozzle assembly was ensured using finite element analysis (FEA). The gas flow pattern at the exit of the nozzle assembly was computed and compared with the experimental observation made through a shadowgraph technique. Laser cutting experiments were performed with the developed supersonic nozzle assembly to demonstrate cutting of 50-mm-thick low carbon steel with 1-kW CO₂ laser.     

The stability of bovine parvovirus and its possible use as an indicator for the persistence of enteric viruses

Bovine parvovirus 1 (Haden virus) gives with grown in 0–24 h secondary cultures of calf kidney a pronounced CPE. The virus is very thermoresistant, it takes e.g. at 60°C 6 h to decrease the titer of infectivity 1 log unit.When seeded in liquid manure the virus becomes inactivated at a rate of around 6–8 days for 1 log unit under aerobic conditions at 5–20°C. The inactivation under anaerobic conditions is very temperature dependent: at 5°C it takes about 200 days to decrease the titer 1 log unit, but at 20°C a rate of inactivation of 20 days per log unit of virus was found.It is suggested that the bovine parvoviruses may be useful as indicators in connection with evaluations of the importance of viral bovine faecal pollution. For evaluations of treatment efficiencies it is suggested that these parvoviruses may also be used as indicators for human enteric viruses like the virus of infectious hepatitis.     

Stress-relaxation behavior of unidirectional polyethylene–carbon fibers: PMMA hybrid composite laminates

Unidirectional composite laminates based on carbon fibers (CF) and high-performance polyethylene fibers (PEF) and their hybrids were prepared with partially polymerized methyl methacrylate (MMA) at room temperature, followed by heating at 55°C (well below the softening point of PEF, 147°C) for 2 h. The stress-relaxation behavior of the composites were determined and analyzed. It was found that at all strain levels the rate of stress relaxation decreased by the loading of CF in CF-reinforced composite laminates (CFRC); however, the reverse behavior was found in the case of PEF-reinforced composite laminate (PEFRC). An interesting observation of the study was that the rate of stress relaxation decreased linearly in two steps in the case of PEFRC, whereas in the case of CFRC, it decreased in a single step. In the case of hybrid composites, the stress relaxation decreases in two steps as in PEFRC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:1925–1929, 1998     

Photograft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate on silk fiber using titanium(III) chloride–potassium persulphate redox initiator in a limited aqueous system. I

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto mulberry silk fibers has been investigated in a limited aqueous system employing titanium(III) chloride–K₂S₂O₈ as the redox initiator under a photoactive condition with visible light. Polymerization in the presence of light at 32 ± 1°C has been found to be more pronounced than in the dark under identical conditions. The percentage of grafting, the percentage of total conversion, and the percentage of grafting efficiency have been studied by varying the reaction time, concentration of monomer, initiator concentration, solvent composition, and pH of the medium. A high percentage of grafting (∼ 93%), high grafting efficiency (∼ 97%), and the percentage of total conversion (∼ 25%) have been obtained with little homopolymer formation. Characterization of the grafted fibers has been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the reaction mechanism has been discussed by considering hydrogen bonding. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2187–2193, 1999