用铑催化剂和金属助催化剂的甲醇羰基化反应过程

正羰基化反应生产醋酸的过程中使用金属助-催化剂,助催化剂作为铑的稳定剂和/或速度促进剂的有效性,金属对铑的摩尔比约为0.5~40。过程包括,在以铑为基础的催化剂金属络合物,     

In situ characterization of floc morphology by image analysis in a turbulent Taylor–Couette reactor

Flocculation of bentonite was performed in a turbulent Taylor–Couette reactor under various shear rates. Image processing enabled to determine various morphological characteristics of individual flocs. Not only their mean values but also their distributions were studied under various hydrodynamic conditions. Relevant properties were selected. The temporal evolution of radius of gyration and circularity distributions was monitored during the flocculation process. Although size and shape are obviously correlated, this article points out that their dependency to hydrodynamics is different, showing that flocs of similar sizes produced under different hydrodynamic conditions exhibit different shapes. The sizes are calibrated by the turbulence as the double radius of gyration is close to Kolmogorov microscale, whereas the circularity seems correlated to the rotation speed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2389–2403, 2014     

Light-scattering characterization of transparent substrates

Angle-resolved light scattering has been used for decades to quantify the surface roughness of optical components. However, because this technique is affected by the contribution of both interfaces of the sample, it cannot be applied to transparent substrates. We show how to overcome this issue and apply these principles to the characterization of superpolished samples.     

Surface Design in Solid‐State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Effects of Zwitterionic Co‐adsorbents on Photovoltaic Performance

In solid‐state dye sensitized solar cells (SSDSCs) charge recombination at the dye‐hole transporting material interface plays a critical role in the cell efficiency. For the first time we report on the influence of dipolar co‐adsorbents on the photovoltaic performance of sensitized hetero‐junction solar cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of two zwitterionic butyric acid derivatives differing only in the polar moiety attached to their common 4 carbon‐chain acid, i.e., 4‐guanidinobutyric acid (GBA) and 4‐aminobutyric acid (ABA). These two molecules were implemented as co‐adsorbents in conjunction with Z907Na dye on the SSDSC. It was found that a Z907Na/GBA dye/co‐adsorbent combination increases both the open circuit voltage (V_oc) and short‐circuit current density (J_sc) as compared to using Z907Na dye alone. The Z907Na/ABA dye/co‐adsorbent combination increases the J_sc. Impedance and transient photovoltage investigations elucidate the cause of these remarkable observations.     

Development of electronic textiles to support networks, communications, and medical applications in future U.S. military protective clothing systems.

The focus of this paper is on the development of textile-based wearable electronics that can be integrated into military protective clothing. A materials and manufacturing survey was conducted to determine the best performing and most durable materials to withstand the rigors of textile manufacturing and potential military use. Narrow woven technology was selected as one of the most promising textile manufacturing methods. A working wearable narrow fabric version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB), as well as a radiating conductor, were successfully developed and fabricated. A circular knit T-shirt with an integrated spiral bus was also developed. Military products developed include components of a personal area network providing data and power transport, and a body-borne antenna integrated into a load-bearing vest.     

Angle-resolved ellipsometry of light scattering: discrimination of surface and bulk effects in substrates and optical coatings

Angle-resolved ellipsometry of light scattering is an original technique developed at the Fresnel Institute to identify scattering processes in substrates and multilayers. We extend the investigation because numerous experimental results proved that the technique can be of major interest for analysis of microcomponents and their scattering origins. Surface and bulk effects can be separated in most situations, as well as the oblique growth of materials and the presence of first-order contaminants.     

Ontological foundations for experimental science knowledge bases

The framework for representing domain ontologies presented in this paper extends existing ontological models and traditional frame-based formalisms. This work was motivated by the representational challenges posed by the domains of experimental sciences (biology, chemistry, physics) and the task of intelligent text retrieval. A detailed ontology for the field of experimental molecular biology is presented, which is used to illustrate the need for and application of the features of the framework. An extended frame-based formalism is defined to support these features. The ability of the framework to support intelligent retrieval from a knowledge base of molecular-biology research papers is demonstrated by providing answers to queries that could not be fully answered using previous approaches. The extensions to ontological framework include : category conversions, processes that change the category or identity of their participants; object histories to track substances through a series of experimental processes, including category conversions; object complexes, temporary configurations of objects with properties of their own; and process complexes, groups or sequences of interrelated actions that comprise an experimental technique or procedure. Features of the frame-based formalism include: slot groups for identifying sets of relations that license common inferences; and open-filler classes that combine knowledge of likely slot values with the ability to handle unexpected values. Evaluation techniques that are used to assess the adequacy of the ontology are presented: the ontology's conceptual coverage of the domain, its potential usefulness in improving the quality of query answering, and its formal consistency and reusability by the knowledge-sharing community are evaluated.     

Partial synchrony based on set timeliness

We introduce a new model of partial synchrony for read-write shared memory systems. This model is based on the simple notion of set timeliness—a natural generalization of the seminal concept of timeliness in the partially synchrony model of Dwork et?al. (J. ACM 35(2):288–323, 1988). Despite its simplicity, the concept of set timeliness is powerful enough to define a family of partially synchronous systems that closely match individual instances of the t-resilient k-set agreement problem among n processes, henceforth denoted (t, k, n)-agreement. In particular, we use it to give a partially synchronous system that is synchronous enough for solving (t, k, n)-agreement, but not enough for solving two incrementally stronger problems, namely, (t + 1, k, n)-agreement, which has a slightly stronger resiliency requirement, and (t, k ? 1, n)-agreement, which has a slightly stronger agreement requirement. This is the first partially synchronous system that separates these sub-consensus problems. The above results show that set timeliness can be used to study and compare the partial synchrony requirements of problems that are strictly weaker than consensus.     

Gene Expression Data to Mouse Atlas Registration Using a Nonlinear Elasticity Smoother and Landmark Points Constraints

This paper proposes a numerical algorithm for image registration using energy minimization and nonlinear elasticity regularization. Application to the registration of gene expression data to a neuroanatomical mouse atlas in two dimensions is shown. We apply a nonlinear elasticity regularization to allow larger and smoother deformations, and further enforce optimality constraints on the landmark points distance for better feature matching. To overcome the difficulty of minimizing the nonlinear elasticity functional due to the nonlinearity in the derivatives of the displacement vector field, we introduce a matrix variable to approximate the Jacobian matrix and solve for the simplified Euler-Lagrange equations. By comparison with image registration using linear regularization, experimental results show that the proposed nonlinear elasticity model also needs fewer numerical corrections such as regridding steps for binary image registration, it renders better ground truth, and produces larger mutual information; most importantly, the landmark points distance and L ² dissimilarity measure between the gene expression data and corresponding mouse atlas are smaller compared with the registration model with biharmonic regularization.