High-performance fully-depleted SOI RF CMOS

A T-gate structure has been implemented in the fabrication of fully depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs. The T-gate process is fully compatible with the standard CMOS and the resulting reduction of gate-resistance significantly improved the RF performance. Measured f _max is 76 GHz and 63 GHz for n- and p-MOSFET with 0.2-μm gate length, respectively. At 2 GHz, a minimum noise figure of 0.4 dB was measured on an n-MOSFET with the T-gate structure     

Arrest and propagation of a brittle crack in structural steels. Report 1

The results are presented of determining the fracture toughness of three structural steels 11.373, 11.483.1, and 15.313.5 in the stage of crack arrest at different temperatures. Microstructural and fractographic special features of the propagation and arrest of the brittle crack are analyzed.     

Precursors of ethyldimethylpyrazine isomers and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine formed in roasted beef

Reaction systems (pH 5.6) containing watersoluble substances of beef meat in various combinations were heated for 7 min at 180° C. Lack of alanine in a mixture consisting of free amino acids, monosaccharides, lactic acid, carnosine and creatine strongly inhibited the formation of 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (I), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (II), 2-ethyl-5,6-dimethylpyrazine (III) and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (IV). Carnosine as well as lactic acid stimulated the formation of the four pyrazines in the reaction system fructose/alanine, but the most effective model was obtained when, in the latter binary mixture, fructose was replaced by 2-oxopropanal. In all reactions pyrazine I was the major product but, on the basis of its much lower odour threshold, pyrazine II was the most important odorant of the three ethyldimethyl-pyrazines.

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Vorläufer der Ethyldimethylpyrazinisomere und des 2,3-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazins, die in gebratenem Rindfleisch entstehen

Zusammenfassung Reaktionssysteme (pH 5,6), die in verschiedenen Kombinationen wasserlösliche Substanzen von Rindfleisch enthielten, wurden 7 min auf 180 °C erhitzt. Fehlte Alanin in einer Mischung, bestehend aus den freien Aminosäuren, Monosacchariden, Milchsäure, Carnosin und Kreatin, so war die Bildung von 2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazin (I), 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazin (II), 2-Ethyl-5,6-dimethylpyrazin (III) und 2,3-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazin (IV) stark gehemmt. Ein Zusatz von Carnosin oder Milchsäure steigerte die Bildung der vier Pyrazine bei der Reaktion von Fruktose und Alanin. Das aktivste Modell wurde erhalten, wenn die Fruktose in der zuletzt genannten binären Mischung durch 2-Oxopropanal ersetzt wurde. Pyrazin I war bei allen Reaktionen das Hauptprodukt, doch auf der Basis seiner viel niedrigeren Geruchsschwelle war das Pyrazin II der wichtigste Geruchsstoff unter den drei Ethyldimethylpyrazinen.

     

Dilute solution properties of hydroxyethyl starch

The dilute solution properties of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were examined by using the techniques of osmometry, light scattering, and viscometry. The molecular weight range was approximately 2 × 10⁶–0.06 × 10⁶. Since HES is a branched molecule, its properties were compared with those of two linear counterparts, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose. The branching index g was estimated to be about 0.3 when calculated from the intrinsic viscosity, radii of gyration, and second virial coefficients.     

Enterprise Key Recovery Vertrauenswürdige Server mit skalierbarer Sicherheit zur Archivierung von Konzelationsschlüsseln

Im Electronic Commerce und in der digitalen Welt der zukünftigen globalen Informationsinfrastruktur (GII), bzw. dem Internet als deren Vorl?ufer, sollen Daten (Nachrichten und Dokumente) zwischen Kommunikationspartnern vertraulich, integer und rechtsverbindlich ausgetauscht und aufbewahrt werden k?nnen. Zur Erreichung des Sachziels ‘Vertraulichkeit’ werden Daten bei der Speicherung in unsicherer Umgebung und bei der übertragung über unsichere Kan?le h?ufig von Endanwendern verschlüsselt. Dies setzt neben den erforderlichen Verschlüsselungsmechanismen geeignete Verfahren für das Management der Schlüssel voraus, die die Verfügbarkeit der verschlüsselt gespeicherten (oder übertragenen) Daten sicherstellen – auch wenn der origin?re Besitzer des Schlüssels nicht verfügbar ist. Enterprise Key Recovery Server stellen Berechtigten bei Bedarf die Konzelationsschlüssel zur Entschlüsselung von Daten zur Verfügung. Ihre Funktionen werden zusammen mit angemessenen Sicherheitsma?nahmen dargestellt. Für unterschiedliche Anforderungen an das Sicherheitsniveau wird eine skalierbare Sicherungsinfrastruktur für Enterprise Key Recovery Server vorgeschlagen. Die Nutzung von Enterprise Key Recovery Servern für das Management von Schlüsseln für den Nachrichtenaustausch und für digitale Signaturen ist nicht Thema dieser Arbeit. Erst der konsequente Einsatz von Key Recovery Servern sichert bei der Anwendung von Verschlüsselung die Vertraulichkeit und Verfügbarkeit von Daten und die Integrit?t der benutzten Schlüssel durchg?ngig ab. Key Recovery Server schlie?en damit eine empfindliche – bislang nicht genügend berücksichtigte – Sicherheitslücke in der Sicherheitsarchitektur von Unternehmen.     

Encapsulation of textile dyes and textile auxiliary agents into liposome systems and their use for polyamide dyeing

The aim of this study was verification of the effect on the dyeing process of using microencapsulated forms of textile dyes and a textile auxiliary agent. Anionic dyes and ammonium sulphate were microencapsulated into the liposomic systems. Prepared liposomes were used for the dyeing of polyamide knitted goods. The ability of these microencapsulated forms to improve the uniformity of polyamide knitted goods dyeing was confirmed. This finding could be applied to the dyeing of polyamide substrates on an industrial scale, especially as the described process of microencapsulation is straightforward and could be performed in an industrial environment.     

Evaluation of potent odorants in roasted beef by aroma extract dilution analysis

Summary Aroma extract dilution analysis of the volatile fraction isolated from roasted beef resulted in 25 odour compounds of which 22 were identified. 2-Acetyl-2-thiazoline, furaneol, guaiacol, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine were detected as the character impact compounds for the roasty, caramel-like, burnt and earthy odour notes. (E)-2-Nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and -octalactone originated, at least in part, from the fat used for the roasting the meat.

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Ermittlung intensiver Geruchsstoffe in gebratenem Rindfleisch durch Aromaextrakt-Verdünnungsanalyse

Zusammenfassung Die Aromaextrakt-Verdünnungsanalyse von gekochtem Rindfleisch ergab 25 Geruchsstoffe, von denen 22 identifiziert wurden. Die röstigen, caramelartigen, brenzlig und erdigen Geruchsnoten im Aroma wurden vom 2-Acetyl-2-thiazolin, Furaneol, Guajacol, 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazin und 2,3-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazin verursacht. (E)-2-Nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal und -Octalacton stammten zumindest zum Teil vom zum Braten verwendeten Fett.

     

Simple mathematical models of high energy ion beam assisted deposition concentration profiles in binary thin films

Mathematical models of composed high energy ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) concentration profiles of implanted component in binary thin films are described. Yields of the backscattered ions and sputtering of the deposited component are considered. A Gaussian probability density is assumed to apply to the ion range distribution. The construction of concentration profiles of various shapes is considered. These profiles should of course be constructed based on continuous changes of the process parameters, but certain technical problems can arise with this continuous parameter changes. Therefore, it has been assumed that the changes to the process parameters are discrete and proceed in several steps. The resulting mathematical models are combinations of error functions. Mathematical models can be used as regression functions for the determination of some parameters, e.g., the sputtering yield. Based on the mathematical model the gradient concentration profile of nitrogen in the SiNx film was experimentally produced by the IBAD method, measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and compared with the mathematical model.     

Prognostic value of the amount of dysfunctional but viable myocardium in revascularized patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Investigators of this Multicenter Study

Reproductive aging in women is closely tied to the loss of ovarian follicles through atresia. The sentinel endocrinologic finding is the monotropic FSH rise, associated with a decline in ovarian inhibin B secretion. Fertility becomes significantly compromised long before overt clinical signs occur, such as cycle irregularity. Compromised fertility is primarily related to oocyte dysfunction. As women with regular cycles near the end of the reproductive years, the following changes are usually manifested: 1) the selection and development of a dominant follicle occurs earlier; 2) there is earlier ovulation; 3) there is a short follicular phase and total cycle length; and 4) ovarian steroid secretion is normal. The relationships, if any, between the monotropic FSH rise, accelerated follicular atresia, shortened follicular phase, and oocyte quality remain to be determined. The next phase of reproductive aging is the perimenopause. Lack of predictability is the rule with regard to the nature and duration of the perimenopause. Long cycles are interspersed with short ones, and intermittent ovulatory cycles are intermingled with periods that are hormonally indistinct from the postmenopausal state. Even after the last menstrual period, evidence of intermittent ovarian estradiol production may still be detected. Although fertility is severely compromised during the perimenopause, ovulation may occur without warning and contraception must be practiced if pregnancy is not desired. Further studies are needed to elucidate the factors contributing to oocyte abnormalities in women of advanced reproductive age, as well as the factors that determine the rate of follicle atresia and the length of the reproductive life span.