In situ and minimally invasive breast cancer: morphologic and kinetic features on contrast-enhanced MR imaging

Purpose: This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the morphologic and dynamic features of in situ and minimally invasive breast cancer on contrast-enhanced (c.-e.) MR imaging and to examine possible associations to pathology features. Material and methods: A total of 71 patients underwent MR imaging. T1-weighted FLASH-3D images were obtained before and after intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA. Histopathologic analysis of 78 lesions revealed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)n=50 and DCIS with microinvasionn=28. MR features were correlated with histopathologic findings. Results: Enhancement in DCIS was focal (73%), diffuse (10%) or ductal (17%). No enhancement occurred in two cases (4%). In 65% enhancement speed was classified as delayed. There was a tendency toward a more ill-defined (83 vs. 43%) enhancement pattern in high grade DCIS and a more ductal (29 vs. 12%) and faster (50 vs. 29%) enhancement in comedo type DCIS. However, significant differences in the enhancement behaviour could neither be demonstrated between high grade and non high grade DCIS nor between comedo and non comedo type DCIS. No significant differences were noted between pure and microinvasive DCIS. Conclusion: In this retrospective analysis the majority (96%) of DCIS lesions show contrast enhancement. However, in only about 50% of DCIS the criteria of a so-called ‘typical’ enhancement behaviour was fulfilled, that means strong, early, focal ill-circumscribed or ductal. Enhancement that follows a duct is often associated with malignancy, however this feature was only present in 17% of the cases. c.-e. MR imaging allowed the detection of 25 additional foci of DCIS. Therefore malignant in situ lesions can be present with atypical enhancement, and should be taken into consideration in high-risk patients in particular.     

Production Estimating for Draglines

Dragline productin estimates, as derived from published tables, are compared to actual field production. Several equipment texts present dragline production estimating tables. The base data source for most of these tables are studies performed by the Power Crane and Shovel Association, PCSA. Only a small variance existed between the actual and estimated production.     

Microbiological, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Pre-cooked Roast Beef Preserved with Horseradish Essential Oil

Pre-cooked roast beef slices were stored 28 days at 4±2°C in air or 100% N₂ with and without vaporized horseradish essential oil (HEO). Addition of 20 μL HEO/L restricted growth of most spoilage bacteria. Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacte-riaceae were strongly inhibited by HEO. Lactic acid bacteria were more resistant to the antimicrobial effect and dominated spoilage flora. Sensory evaluation and headspace analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that development of off-flavors and odors derived from fat oxidation products was delayed by HEO. Cooked meat color was also preserved in samples stored under HEO.     

International Symposium on Wearable Computing (ISWC) 2008

The 12th International Symposium on Wearable Computing (ISWC) was held in Pittsburgh in September 2008. It is one of the longest-running conferences focusing on aspects of pervasive and mobile computing. With over 60 submissions, the program committee selected eight long papers, seven short papers, and nine posters for the conference (a 26 percent acceptance rate for long papers). Sessions, which were presented over two days, covered location mapping, mobile phones and human interfaces, activity recognition, activity support, and power and system integration.     

Analysis of Aerosols from the World Trade Center Collapse Site,New York,October 2 to October 30, 2001

The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) buildings #2 (South Tower), #1 (North Tower), and #7 created an enormous collapse pile which emitted intense plumes of acrid smoke and dust until roughly mid-December, when the last spontaneous surface fire occurred. We collected particles by size (8 modes, ≈12 to 0.09 micrometers diameter) and time (typical resolution of 1 to 3 h) from October 2 until late December at the EML 201 Varick Street site roughly 1.8 km NNE of the collapse site and 50 m above ground level. Here we show some of the 70,000 mass and elemental data from the time period October 2 through October 30. Identification of a WTC collapse pile source for aerosols seen at the receptor site were based upon the simultaneous presence of finely powdered concrete, gypsum, and glass with intense very fine combustion mode mass episodes concurrent with winds from the southwest quadrant. The results, derived from seven independent beam-based analytical techniques, showed that while PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 24 h values rarely, if ever, violated federal air quality standards, WTC-derived plumes swept over lower Manhattan Island, resulting in intense aerosol impacts of duration a few hours at any one site. The WTC plume resembled in many ways those seen from municipal waste incinerators and high temperatures processes in coal-fired power plants. The size fractions above 1 micrometer contained finely powdered concrete, gypsum, and glass, with sootlike coatings and anthropogenic metals, but little asbestos. Composition in the very fine size range (0.26 > D_p > 0.09 μm) was dominated by sulfuric acid and organic matter, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, and glasslike silicon-containing aerosols. Many metals were seen in this mode, most, but not all, at low concentrations. The concentrations of very fine silicon, sulfur, and many metals, as well as coarse anthropogenic metals, decreased markedly during October, probably in association with the cooling of the collapse piles. Values of very fine elements seen in May, 2002 at the WTC site were only a few percent of October values.     

Application of PSCF and CPF to PMF-Modeled Sources of PM2.5 in Pittsburgh

Ambient PM _2.5 composition data in Pittsburgh, PA have been used with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to determine the major sources of PM _2.5 sampled. This paper describes the use of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) with the PMF-modeled source contributions to locate the sources in a grid of 0.1° × 0.1° cells. The domain extends from the Pittsburgh Supersite at 40.44°N, 79.94°W over the range 35°–50° north latitude and 75°–90° west longitude. Six-hour back trajectories have been obtained from HYSPLIT four times each day for the 13 months of the study for use with PSCF. Using the results, higher probability locations are compared with known locations of specific source types, based on information from the EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) and the EPA AIRS Database. PSCF results for several sources are compared to the conditional probability function (CPF) analysis, which uses 15-minute wind direction data to determine the most probable direction of a source. Using PSCF and CPF together aids in interpretation of potential source regions. The selenium and sulfate factor source locations are regional, while the lead, cadmium, and specialty steel factor source locations are local. The gallium-rich and Fe, Mn, and Zn factor source locations are potentially both local and regional. The nitrate, vehicle emissions and road dust, wood combustion, vegetative detritus and cooking, and crustal material factor CPF and PSCF results were inconclusive as sources of these factors exist in all directions from the site and therefore one would not expect a clear probability field in any one direction.     

选择监控摄影机影像传感器需注意的准则

监控摄影机解决方案概述 传统上,监控摄影机市场都由闭路电视（close circuit television,CCTV）主导,这种电视使用电荷耦合部件（CCD）影像传感器、影像信号处理器（ISP）和专有的专用集成电路（ASIC）。但是,     

The influence of oxidation reduction potential and water treatment processes on quartz lamp sleeve fouling in ultraviolet disinfection reactors

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems are incorporated into drinking water production facilities because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial capabilities, and the minimal disinfection by-product formation that generally accompanies their use. Selection of an optimal location for a UV system within a drinking water treatment facility depends on many factors; a potentially important consideration is the effect of system location on operation and maintenance issues, including the potential for fouling of quartz surfaces. To examine the effect of system location on fouling, experiments were conducted at a groundwater treatment facility, wherein aeration, chlorination, and sand filtration were applied sequentially for treatment. In this facility, access to the water stream was available prior to and following each of the treatment steps. Therefore, it was possible to examine the effects of each of these unit operations on fouling dynamics within a UV system. Results indicated zero-order formation kinetics for the fouling reactions at all locations. Increases in oxidation reduction potential, caused by water treatment steps such as aeration and chlorination, increased the rate of sleeve fouling and the rate of irradiance loss within the reactor. Analysis of metals in the sleeve foulant showed that calcium and iron predominate, and relative comparisons of foulant composition to water chemistry highlighted a high affinity for incorporation into the foulant matrix for both iron and manganese, particularly after oxidizing treatment steps. Fouling behavior was observed to be in qualitative agreement with representations of the degree of saturation, relative to the metal:ligand combinations that are believed to comprise a large fraction of the foulants that accumulate on the surfaces of quartz jackets in UV systems used to treat water.     

Influence of smectite hydration and swelling on atrazine sorption behavior

Smectites, clay minerals commonly found in soils and sediments, vary widely in their ability to adsorb organic chemicals. Recent research has demonstrated the importance of surface charge density and properties of exchangeable cations in controlling the affinity of smectites for organic molecules. In this study, we induced hysteresis in the crystalline swelling of smectites to test the hypothesis that the extent of crystalline swelling (or interlayer hydration status) has a large influence on the ability of smectites to adsorb atrazine from aqueous systems. Air-dried K-saturated Panther Creek (PC) smectite swelled less (d(001) = 1.38 nm) than never-dried K-PC (d(001) = 1.7 nm) when rehydrated in 20 mM KCl. Correspondingly, the air-dried-rehydrated K-PC had an order of magnitude greater affinity for atrazine relative to the never-dried K-PC. Both air-dried-rehydrated and never-dried Ca-PC expanded to approximately 2.0 nm in 10 mM CaCl2 and both samples had similar affinities for atrazine that were slightly lower than that of never-dried K-PC. The importance of interlayer hydration status in controlling sorption affinity was confirmed by molecular modeling, which revealed much greater interaction between interlayer water molecules and atrazine in a three-layer hydrate relative to a one-layer hydrate. The entropy change on moving atrazine from a fully hydrated state in the bulk solution to a partially hydrated state in the smectite interlayers is believed to be a major factor influencing sorption affinity. In an application test, choice of background solution (20 mM KCl versus 10 mM CaCl2) and air-drying treatments significantly affected atrazine sorption affinities for three-smectitic soils; however, the trends were not consistent with those observed for the reference smectite. Further, extending the initial rehydration time from 24 to 240 h (prior to adding atrazine) significantly decreased the soil's sorption affinity for atrazine. We conclude that interlayer hydration status has a large influence on the affinity of smectites for atrazine and that air-drying treatments have the potential to modify the sorption affinity of smectitic soils for organic molecules such as atrazine.