亚洲电力改革:孰是孰非?

电力市场化是全球电力工业都在热烈讨论和积极探索的热点课题 ,在中国电力市场化改革的今天 ,尤其具有重要的理论和实践意义。 2 0 0 2年 5月 1 3日至 1 8日 ,由清华港大深圳电力系统研究所主办的“电力市场新进展高级研讨会”在深圳清华大学研究院举行。在研讨会上 ,与会专家分别就电力市场研究和实践中的若干问题发表了演讲。本刊将主要内容摘录、汇编成文 ,奉献给大家 ,以便广大读者对电力市场的研究动态有比较全面的了解。在此 ,衷心感谢参加“电力市场新进展研讨会”的各位专家给予的大力支持和帮助 ,特别感谢香港大学 /浙江大学文福拴博士、香港大学严正博士在本文的摘编过程中提供的技术指导和具体帮助。     

Insiders, outsiders, and efficiency in a National Science Foundation panel.

Assessed the efficiency of the peer review system during 3 National Science Foundation panel meetings held in 1982 and 1983. During these meetings, nearly 200 proposals received almost 1,400 reviews from "insiders" (panel members) and "outsiders" (ad hoc reviewers). Although the ratio of ad hoc time to panelist time was about 2:1, ad hoc reviewers' quantitative ratings had scant independent influence on final proposal ratings. Nevertheless, it may be that ad hoc reviewers provided crucial qualitative information, acting more as expert witnesses than as judges. The outcome of about a third of the proposals (the very good and the very poor) could be reliably predicted by independent panelist assessments that occurred before the panel meetings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Control of free-radical emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate by oxygen injection. II. Experimental study

Oxygen injection has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated as an effective control measure for limiting the rate of heat release and altering the rate of polymerization in emulsion processes. A detailed mathematical model has been previously developed to describe the system behavior with and without oxygen injection. A simple lab scale apparatus was constructed and run extensively. Only trace quantities of oxygen are needed to inhibit the reaction completely. The facile response makes this method attractive for fast temperature control. However, because of the rapid penetration of dissolved oxygen into the polymer particles, growing radical chains are terminated prematurely, lowering product molecular weights. To minimize this detrimental effect, pulsed oxygen control is used and extensive experimental work was performed to determine the effects of controller set points on molecular weight. Moderate oxygen flows and moderate set point temperatures are found to give the optimal response without significant lowering of the final molecular weight. Injected quantities agree well with the order-of-magnitude sparging calculations needed to completely stop initiation. However, complete agreement between model simulations and experimental results was not reached due to an unmeasured loss of monomer from the reactor. Chain transfer to monomer is found to be important in modeling the polymer molecular weight. It has, however, a negligible effect on the reaction rate.     

“Metallisation” of oxide surfaces observed by in situ high-resolution electron microscopy

Intense irradiation (25–40 A/cm²) at intermediate energy (400 keV) has been found to cause “metallisation” of tungsten oxide and titanium niobate crystal surfaces. The possible mechanisms and the likely consequences for high-resolution imaging of clean oxide surfaces are briefly discussed.     

Synthesis of N,N-diethyl-N-{4-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}amine via in situ diazotisation and coupling in supercritical carbon dioxide

The synthesis of azo dyes via a conventional aqueous-based diazotisation and coupling reaction requires the use of relatively high concentrations of mineral acids, which leads to high electrolyte concentrations in wastewater. Reported in this paper is an environmentally benign one-pot method for the synthesis of a nonionic azo dye, N,N -diethyl- N -{4-[( E )-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}amine, in supercritical carbon dioxide without using a mineral acid. The product yield increased significantly with temperature, with 91% theoretical yield afforded at 80 °C. The pressure of the system had little influence on product yield.     

Using bald eagles to indicate the health of the Great Lakes' environment

The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is one of the most studied birds of North America, and a great amount of natural life‐history information, including the response of various stressors on the eagles' ability to reproduce, are well known. In Michigan, the eagle has been chosen to track the trends of bioaccumulative compounds of concern across watersheds in the state. The state has been divided into major watersheds, and 20% of these are surveyed each year. A control area in northern Minnesota, Voyageurs National Park, is also sampled annually. We report here on the methods used, the preliminary results of the 1999 field season, and how differences in mercury concentrations varied over a 10‐year period. Mercury in feathers of nestling eagles declined over time only in Lakes Michigan and Huron, but have not decreased among other subpopulations in Michigan. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 4,4′‐DDE in blood plasma from nestling eagles have declined over time for most subpopulations; however, they remain greater for breeding areas associated with the Great Lakes' food web. Sea eagles of the genus Haliaeetus are a good sentinel species to track trends in bioaccumulative compounds in aquatic systems.