Increasing teacher intervention implementation in general education settings through consultation and performance feedback.

Examined the treatment integrity with which general education teachers implemented a reinforcement based intervention designed to improve the academic performance of elementary school students. The intervention was implemented for 3 3rd graders who were referred for consultation services and were identified as exhibiting performance deficits based on prior assessment. Treatment integrity was assessed via permanent products produced by the intervention. Teachers maintained adequate treatment integrity for 2–4 days, after which, implementation began to deteriorate. Subsequent implementation of daily performance feedback by a consultant markedly improved treatment integrity, and intervention use improved student performance for 2 of the Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emergency medical services for children: Beyond lights and sirens.

This article describes the history of emergency medical services for children and identifies important mental health issues. It discusses the roles of psychologists in such services, including intervening with children and their families during times of crisis, helping others who are providing the physical care of children to mitigate rather than exacerbate children's emotional distress, and attending to the emotional needs of health care providers who treat children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2–4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Group norms and attitude–behavior consistency: The role of group salience and mood.

This study tested the social identity–self-categorization theory reconceptualization of the role of norms in attitude–behavior relations. Specifically, the study investigated how the effects of in-group norms on the relationship between people's attitudes and their behavior vary as a function of the salience of group membership and mood. Participants' (N?=?131) attitudes toward students being responsible for picking up litter on campus grounds were examined. As expected, the effects of the attitudinal congruency of norms varied as a function of group salience under neutral mood (i.e., deliberative processing) conditions. In-group norms were more influential for high-salience individuals than for low salience individuals in a neutral mood. These findings indicate that in-group norms influence behavioral decision making for individuals high in group salience only when there is an opportunity to carefully process the normative information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Family support, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms among mothers of children with diabetes.

This study tested an integrative cross-sectional model of the roles of family support and maternal coping strategies in predicting reduced depressive symptomatology among 52 mothers of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The authors tested their predictive framework in a structural equation model using LISREL analyses (K. G. J?reskog & D. S?rbom 1989). The predictive model provided a good fit to the data. Family support was significantly related to percentage approach coping, and percentage approach coping was significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Thus, as predicted, family support showed an indirect relationship to mothers' depressive symptoms mediated by maternal percentage approach coping. More broadly, the study contributes to an emerging interest in bridging the literatures in family psychology and pediatric health psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Everyday lies in close and casual relationships.

In 2 diary studies, 77 undergraduates and 70 community members recorded their social interactions and lies for a week. Because lying violates the openness and authenticity that people value in their close relationships, we predicted (and found) that participants would tell fewer lies per social interaction to the people to whom they felt closer and would feel more uncomfortable when they did lie to those people. Because altruistic lies can communicate caring, we also predicted (and found) that relatively more of the lies told to best friends and friends would be altruistic than self-serving, whereas the reverse would be true of lies told to acquaintances and strangers. Also consistent with predictions, lies told to closer partners were more often discovered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nourishing the Nation: The Uses of Food in an Israeli Kindergarten

Increasing numbers of people spend much of their waking lives within institutions of one sort or another. Nevertheless, whereas food and food-related occasions within domestic contexts have been studied extensively as prime sites for the transmission of social and cultural knowledge, little scholarly attention has attended to the uses and meanings of food in institutional contexts. Of such contexts, early education settings are particularly interesting, because it is during early childhood that strong links are forged between food, eating occasions, and a sense of social identity. This article, based on an ethnographic account of an Israeli kindergarten, addresses the question as to what cultural, social, and political knowledge was imparted through the preparation, consumption of, and conversation about food at an Israeli kindergarten. Various food-related events are described in terms of their contents, structure, mode of sociability, and the didactic use to which such occasions were put. The article argues that this food-complex served to mark and underpin the centrality of the Israeli state as a prime arena of allegiance and social identity and, further, that this process was related to, and reinforced by, class dynamics, as these were articulated in this particular kindergarten.     

CATALYTIC PRODUCTION OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR FROM THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF H2S IN THE PRESENCE OF CO2

The feasibility of using a cobalt-molybdenum (Co-Mo) sulfide catalyst that was prepared from a commercial Co-Mo oxide catalyst for the production of elemental sulfur from hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in a packed bed catalytic reactor was studied. It was demonstrated that the desired sulfide catalyst could be prepared by first reducing, then sulphiding the corresponding oxide. The results showed that the prepared catalyst was capable of producing elemental sulfur from the thermal decomposition of H₂S in the presence of CO₂ over a temperature range of 465-700°C and at atmospheric pressure. A specific rate coefficient was calculated as well as the Arrhenius parameters for the non-equilibrated reaction. The H₂S decomposition reaction was found to be a second order reaction and have an activation energy of 114.4kJ/mol(27.3kcal/mol).     

I'm a hypocrite, but so is everyone else: Group support and the reduction of cognitive dissonance.

The impact of social support on dissonance arousal was investigated from a social identity view of dissonance theory. This perspective is seen as augmenting current conceptualizations of dissonance theory by predicting when normative information will impact on dissonance arousal and by indicating the availability of identity-related strategies of dissonance reduction. An experiment was conducted to induce feelings of hypocrisy under conditions of behavioral support or nonsupport. Group salience was either high or low, or individual identity was emphasized. As predicted, participants with no support from the salient in-group exhibited the greatest need to reduce dissonance through attitude change and reduced levels of group identification. Results were interpreted in terms of self being central to the arousal and reduction of dissonance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study.

Handwritten autobiographies from 180 Catholic nuns, composed when participants were a mean age of 22 years, were scored for emotional content and related to survival during ages 75 to 95. A strong inverse association was found between positive emotional content in these writings and risk of mortality in late life (p?