Influence of naltrexone on cue-elicited craving among hazardous drinkers: The moderational role of positive outcome expectancies.

This study was designed to elucidate mechanisms by which naltrexone (NTX) influences drinking among hazardous drinkers. Thirty-six hazardous drinkers received 50 mg NTX or placebo on 2 separate occasions before participation in a taste test procedure with low-alcohol beer. Urges to drink before consumption, beer volume consumed, and perceived stimulation and sedation after consumption were assessed. Although NTX did not influence beer consumption, hazardous drinkers who reported high positive reinforcement expectancies rated their urges to drink as significantly lower when they were on NTX compared with placebo. Positive outcome expectancies also moderated the effects of NTX on subjective reports of stimulation following drinking. These findings suggest that naltrexone may be particularly effective at reducing alcohol cue-elicited positive reinforcement for those with high positive alcohol outcome expectancies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scalable Fabrication of Porous Microchannel Nerve Guidance Scaffolds with Complex Geometries

Microchannel scaffolds accelerate nerve repair by guiding growing neuronal processes across injury sites. Although geometry, materials chemistry, stiffness, and porosity have been shown to influence nerve growth within nerve guidance scaffolds, independent tuning of these properties in a high‐throughput manner remains a challenge. Here, fiber drawing is combined with salt leaching to produce microchannels with tunable cross sections and porosity. This technique is applicable to an array of biochemically inert polymers, and it delivers hundreds of meters of porous microchannel fibers. Employing these fibers as filaments during 3D printing enables the production of microchannel scaffolds with geometries matching those of biological nerves, including branched topographies. Applied to sensory neurons, fiber‐based porous microchannels enhance growth as compared to non‐porous channels with matching materials and geometries. The combinatorial scaffold fabrication approach may advance the studies of neural regeneration and accelerate the development of nerve repair devices.     

Personality and cognitive factors influencing substance use and sexual risk for HIV infection among gay and bisexual men.

Substance use reliably predicts sexual risk behavior, and sensation-seeking personality characteristics have been found to covary with these associations. In a study of 289 gay and bisexual men attending a large gay pride event, the authors examined the role of substance use sexual outcome expectancies in explaining associations between sensation seeking, substance use, and risky sex. Consistent with previous research, alcohol and other drugs were associated with sexual behavior. However, path analyses showed that sensation seeking accounted for variance in sexual behavior over and above substance use before sex and that sensation seeking predicted substance use expectancies that in turn predicted substance use before sex. It was concluded that altering substance use outcome expectancies may be an important strategy for HIV risk reduction for individuals high in sensation seeking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

葡萄中有机酸的提取工艺参数优化及同时测定

根据单因素试验结果与响应面分析法中的Box-Behnken试验设计原理选取试验因素与水平,对葡萄有机酸提取率有影响的料液比、乙醇体积分数和pH值3个因素进行优化;结果表明:葡萄有机酸提取的最佳工艺参数为料液质量体积比1 g∶16 mL,乙醇体积分数76.37%,pH值11.87;在此条件下,葡萄有机酸质量分数为216.907μg/g。硫酸铜与柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸反应生成的络合物吸收光谱重叠严重,用光度法难以进行单一组分的测定。采用偏最小二乘-光度法对柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸模拟混合试样进行同时测定,并应用于葡萄有机酸的测定。对模拟混合试样,回收率99.6%~99.8%;RPEs为0.64%~0.67%。     

低共熔溶剂分离油茶果壳木质素及其抗氧化活性和热解特性分析

为了获得兼具分子量低、分散度低和抗氧化活力高的木质素,本研究以油茶果壳为原料,采用碱法和低共熔溶剂法分离得到四种木质素,利用紫外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析对其进行结构分析,并通过清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:紫外光谱和红外光谱显示油茶果壳木质素主要由紫丁香基和愈创木酚基单元结构组成。凝胶渗透色谱分析表明碱木质素的重均分子量（Mw）和分散度（PDI）分别为41858 g/mol和4.53,而低共熔溶剂提取的木质素具有较小的相对分子量（Mw<11000 g/mol）和分散度（PDI<2）。热重分析可知油茶果壳木质素热稳定性依次为:氯化胆碱-草酸（ChCl-OA）>碱木质素（AL）>氯化胆碱-乙二醇-对甲苯磺酸（ChCl-EG-P）>氯化胆碱-丙三醇（ChCl-GA）。此外,抗氧化活性结果显示4种木质素均有一定的抗氧化活性,清除DPPH自由基的IC₅₀为0.388~1.02 mg/mL。此研究结果为油茶果壳木质素分离和高值化开发利用提供了一定的参考价值。     

Differential effects of courtship and mating on receptivity and brain metabolism in female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis pareitalis).

In the female red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis), the loss of receptivity following intromission during mating can be prevented by injection of a local anesthetic (tetracaine) in the cloacal region prior to courtship and mating. Females that were courted and then mated had significantly higher uptake of radio-labeled [1?C]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) in the preoptic area (25%) and significantly lower uptake in the ventromedial hypothalamus (-20%) compared with females that were courted but not mated. Tetracaine-treated females had accumulation patterns similar to courted but unmated females and to females exposed only to other females. These results suggest that in the female red-sided garter snake, sensory input from the cloaca during mating alters patterns of metabolism in those brain areas most often associated with female sexual behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-efficacy and disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus to sex partners.

HIV-positive persons face significant challenges to disclosing their HIV serostatus, and failure to disclose can place their sex partners at risk. The current study examined HIV serostatus disclosure in 266 sexually active HIV-positive persons recruited from the community. Results showed that 41% had not disclosed their HIV serostatus to sex partners. Men who had not disclosed to partners indicated lower rates of condom use during anal intercourse and scored significantly lower on a measure of self-efficacy for condom use compared to individuals who had disclosed. Emotional distress was also greatest among persons who had not recently disclosed. Having not disclosed to sex partners was closely associated with lower self-efficacy for disclosing, with women who had not disclosed reporting the lowest disclosure self-efficacy. As people living with HIV-AIDS are encouraged to disclose their HIV status, interventions are needed to facilitate disclosure decision making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)