Sleep staging is one of the most important tasks within the context of sleep studies. For more than 40 years the gold standard to the characterization of patient’s sleep macrostructure has been based on set of rules proposed by Rechtschaffen and Kales and recently modified by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Nevertheless the resulting map of sleep, the so-called hypnogram, has several limitations such as its low temporal resolution and the unnatural characterization of sleep through the assignment of discrete sleep states. This study reports an automatic method for the characterization of the structure of the sleep. The main intention is to overcome limitations of epoch-based sleep staging by obtaining a more continuous evolution of the sleep of the patient. The method is based on the use of fuzzy inference in order to avoid binary decisions, provide soft transitions and enable concurrent characterization of the different states. It is proven, in addition, how the new proposed continuous representation can still be used to generate the classical epoch-based hypnogram. 相似文献
Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is a powerful technique for studying electronic excitations in correlated electron systems. Current RIXS spectrometers measure the changes in energy and momentum of the photons scattered by the sample. A powerful extension of the RIXS technique is the measurement of the polarization state of the scattered photons which contains information about the symmetry of the excitations. This long-desired addition has been elusive because of significant technical challenges. This paper reports the development of a new diffraction-based polarization analyzer which discriminates between linear polarization components of the scattered photons. The double concave surface of the polarization analyzer was designed as a good compromise between energy resolution and throughput. Such a device was fabricated using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite for measurements at the Cu K-edge incident energy. Preliminary measurements on a CuGeO(3) sample are presented. 相似文献
An atomic oxygen (AO) source has been redesigned to coordinate with a pulsed laser deposition system and used to grow nitrogen-doped TiO(2) films by deposition of TiN and simultaneous irradiation of the substrate with AO. The AO source uses an incandescently heated thin tube of zirconia as an oxygen permeation media to generate pure AO of low kinetic energy. The emission flux is calibrated using a silver-coated quartz crystal microbalance. The thin shape of the probe and transverse emission geometry of this emission device allow the emission area to be positioned close to the substrate surface, enhancing the irradiation flux at the substrate. AO irradiation is crucial for formation of TiO(2) phases via oxidation of the deposited TiN laser plume, and is effective for decrease of the substrate temperature for crystallization of anatase phase to as low as around 200 °C. 相似文献
A bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis S64—1, produced an inulinase in the culture broth. The enzyme was purified 442-fold by DEAE-Toyopearl chromatographies. It showed maximal activity at 40°C and pH 6.5. The enzyme activity was inhibited strongly by Hg2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and EDTA. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 100,000 by SDS-PAGE. The isoelctric point of the enzyme was estimated to be 4.8 by isoelectric focusing on a polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme degraded inulin through an exo-type reaction. 相似文献
The effect of the stress ratio on near-threshold growth of delamination fatigue cracks was investigated with unidirectional laminates made from Ciba Geigy 914C prepegs (T300/914) and from Toray P305 prepegs (T300/#2500). Tests of delamination fatigue crack propagation were carried out under mode I opening loading by using double cantilever beam specimens. The normalized gradient of energy release range was controlled in load-shedding tests. In the region of crack growth rates above about 5 × 10−10 m/cycle, the growth rate was expressed as a power function of fracture mechanics parameters. Below this region, there existed a growth threshold. The influence of the stress ratio became smaller when the rate was correlated to the energy release rate range than when the rate was correlated to the stress intensity range or the maximum energy release rate. A controlling fracture mechanics parameter is discussed on the basis of fractographic observation and mechanism consideration. A new phenomenological law of fatigue crack propagation is derived. 相似文献
Transparent zinc oxide (ZnO) films were coated on seed layers prepared by the sol–gel method by chemical solution deposition
method. Firstly, seed layers were prepared from zinc acetate and monoethanolamine, 2-methoxyethanol by the sol–gel method
on a silicon substrate or a slide glass. Next, the substrate coated with a seed layer was immersed in zinc nitride solution
with hexamethylenetetramine, and ZnO films were obtained. The transmittance of the ZnO films depended on the morphology and
crystallinity of the seed layers. When the seed layer were dried on a hot plate, the seed layer had flat surface and transparent
ZnO film could be obtained on the seed layers dried at temperatures above 200 °C. When the seed layer was prepared from zinc
acetate dihydrate dried in a petri dish, the seed layer were smooth without cracks and the transparent ZnO films were obtained
at temperature below 100 °C. 相似文献
Background: Granule characteristics are some of the important intermediate qualities that determine tablet properties. However, the relationships between granule and tablet characteristics are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate relationships among formulation factors, granule characteristics, and tablet properties using a non-linear response surface method (RSM) incorporating a thin-plate spline interpolation (RSM-S) and a Bayesian network (BN).
Method: Tablets containing lactose (Lac), cornstarch (CS), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were prepared by wet granulation. Ten formulations were prepared by an extreme vertices design. The angle of repose (Y1), compressibility (Y2), cohesion force (Y3), internal friction angle (Y4), and mean particle size (Y5) were measured as granule characteristics. Tensile strength (TS) and disintegration time (DT) were measured as tablet properties.
Results: RSM-S results showed that TS increased with increasing amounts of MCC and Lac. DT decreased with increasing amounts of MCC and CS. The optimal BN models were predicted using four evaluation indices –Y3 was shown to be the most important factor for TS, whereas Y2, Y3, and Y4 were relatively important for predicting DT. Moreover, tablets with excellent tablet properties (i.e. high TS and low DT) were produced by relatively high Y1, low Y2, high Y3, high Y4, and middle Y5 values, and resulted from the middle of MCC, middle-to-low CS, low Lac, and middle-to-low magnesium stearate (Mg-St) amounts.
Conclusion: The RSM-S and BN techniques are useful for revealing complex relationships among formulation factors, granule characteristics, and tablet properties. 相似文献
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) has been associated with telomeric homeostasis, telomerase recruitment, and the process of chromosome healing; nevertheless, the impact of this association has not been investigated during the carcinogenic process. Determining whether changes in TERRA expression are a cause or a consequence of cell transformation is a complex task because studies are usually carried out using either cancerous cells or tumor samples. To determine the role of this lncRNA in cellular aging and chromosome healing, we evaluated telomeric integrity and TERRA expression during the establishment of a clone of untransformed myeloid cells. We found that reduced expression of TERRA disturbed the telomeric homeostasis of certain loci, but the expression of the lncRNA was affected only when the methylation of subtelomeric bivalent chromatin domains was compromised. We conclude that the disruption in TERRA homeostasis is a consequence of cellular transformation and that changes in its expression profile can lead to telomeric and genomic instability. 相似文献