The Teacher's Role in Curriculum Development: an unresolved issue in English attempts at curriculum reform

The paper compares the British curriculum reforms of the 1960s with contemporary government-initiated reforms, and argues that the central problem of pedagogical change persists because the latter adopted one of the two solutions to the problem which emerged from the former; namely, the objectives model of socially engineering change. The other solution, proposed by Lawrence Stenhouse, which views curriculum change as a social experiment in which teachers play a central role, has been neglected. The paper attempts to demonstrate the validity of Stenhouse's contention that there can be no curriculum development without the professional development of teachers as researchers of their own practices In schools and classrooms.     

Rolling Textures in Compacts of Copper and Steel

This study was undertaken to determine whether differences exist in the rolling textures of materials rolled with and without cladding and whether such differences are affected by bonding the clad and core by hot isostatic pressing (HIP’ing) prior to rolling/ Both steel-clad copper and copper-clad steel were studied, using compacts having nominal volume fractions of core equal to.33 and.50. Unclad core material having the same initial thicnkess as the cores was rolled to similar reductions for comparison with material rolled with cladding. No significant difference in the deformation textures, compared to unclad material, were observed for steel-clad copper. However, for copper-clad steel, a pronounced deformation texture developed in the core at lower total reductions than those required to developed the same degree of texture in unclad material. In these cases, the cladding showed evidence of a shear texture. Prebonding of the compacts by HIP’ing intensified this effect.     

Data Protection and Data Sharing in Telematics

Automotive telematics may be defined as the information-intensive applications enabled for vehicles by a combination of telecommunications and computing technology. Telematics by its nature requires the capture, storage, and exchange of sensor data to obtain remote services. Such data likely include personal, sensitive information, which require proper handling to protect the driver's privacy. Some existing approaches focus on protecting privacy through anonymous interactions or by stopping information flow altogether. We complement these by concentrating instead on giving different stakeholders control over data sharing and use. In this paper, we identify several data protection challenges specifically related to the automotive telematics domain, and propose a general data protection framework to address some of those challenges. The framework enables data aggregation before data is released to service providers, which minimizes the disclosure of privacy sensitive information. We have implemented the core component, the privacy engine, to help users manage their privacy policies and to authorize data requests based on policy matching. The policy manager provides a flexible privacy policy model that allows data subjects to express rich constraint-based policies, including event-based, and spatio-temporal constraints. Thus, the policy engine can decide on a large number of requests without user assistance and causes no interruptions while driving. A performance study indicates that the overhead is stable with an increasing number of data subjects.     

Shaped-pattern synthesis using pure real distributions

Shaped patterns can be produced by properly excited equispaced linear arrays. An earlier synthesis procedure, which accomplishes this with control ripple in the shaped region and controlled sidelobe levels elsewhere, results in array distributions that are generally complex. It is shown here that if the shaped pattern is symmetric and has 2M filled nulls, there are 2^M complex symmetric distributions, and 2^M pure real asymmetric distributions, and 2^2M-2^M+1 complex asymmetric distributions that will produce the desired pattern. By adding 2M elements to the array, one can find a symmetric pure real distribution that will achieve the same result. A representative example illustrates the procedure. The results have application to standing-wave-fed planar arrays with quadrantal symmetry via use of the collapsed distribution principle     

Outage probability for lognormal-shadowed Rician channels

A new general outage probability expression for a Rician signal received among L Rician interferers is derived. This result is shown to cover previous published expressions involving Rayleigh signal/interferers as special cases. A new method is then applied to further extend the result to include the effect of lognormal shadowing on the outage probability (for microcellular mobile radio systems in Rician/Rician fading environments). New Rician/Rician outage probability curves against the normalized reuse distance and cluster size with and without lognormal shadowing effect are presented and discussed     

Effect of bulk structure of amino silane primer on the strength and durability of aluminum/epoxy joints

The strength and durability in wet environment of aluminum/epoxy/aluminum joints are investigated as a function of structural changes of γ aminopropyltriethoxy silane (γ-APS) primer at the interface. Both dry and wet strengths exhibit strong dependencies on both the thickness and the extent of drying of γ-APS prior to joint formation. Generally, dry strength decreases with increasing thickness of γ-APS primer, and increases with dehydration of γ-APS at any given thickness. Strength retention of the joints after exposure to water at 55°C also improves dramatically when the adsorbed γ-APS is extensively dried. These results are analogous to earlier observations with α-Al₂O₃/polyethylene joint system. In aluminum joints, porous oxide substrate facilitates the mechanical interlocking mechanism, and its interplay with both the thickness and the extent of cure of γ-APS is analyzed by characterizing the fractured surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA).     

Characterization of the array modes of high-power gain-guided GaAssingle-quantum-well laser arrays

The characteristics of gain-guided GaAs single-quantum-well laser arrays, using proton bombardment to confine the current flow to 11 stripes on 9-μm centers, are described. The longitudinal-mode spectrum, the spectrally resolved far-field, and the near-field of this laser array were studied experimentally up to three times threshold current. The laser arrays are found to emit at ~10 longitudinal modes corresponding to the Fabry-Perot modes of the laser. The longitudinal spectrum is current dependent. Near threshold current, the spectrum consists of a number of longitudinal modes where only the fundamental mode of the array laser. At larger current, each of the longitudinal modes is broadened and the spectrum of each longitudinal mode consists of many individual emission lines of the array modes. For each longitudinal mode, the lowest order array mode emits at the longest wavelength and the highest order array mode emits at the shortest wavelength. The wavelength separation between neighboring array modes increases with increasing mode order. Fourteen array modes are found to emit simultaneously at three times threshold current. The experimental results are in good agreement with direct array-mode analysis based on the finite-difference method     

Convolution connection paradigm neural network enables linear system theory-based image enhancement

A new type of robust numeric solution of one form of the Fredholm integral equations of the first king has been discovered. This discovery has its most immediate and important applications in the deconvolution or deblurring of data acquired using scientific instruments. A solution of this integral equation has very general applications. For example, investigator-controlled mapping of the instrumental point-spread function to a more useful form is made feasible. The solution of the linear systems imaging model integral equation results from operations performed on the instrumental kernel, response, or point-spread function with the direct result being the production of a robust, effective inverse kernel. The effective inverse is robust even in the presence of noise. The generation of the inverse kernel in no way depends on the observational data. Therefore, the image enhancement produced by this method contrasts with other numeric schemes that operate only on the observed data. This is an important distinction. This technique, which uses simple numeric operations, offers the possibility of attaining real-time data enhancements for observational instruments. The concept of taking control of the instrument kernel or point-spread function forms the basis of the work presented. Investigations of the application of artificial neural networks to resolution enhancement of Hubble Space Telescope imagery have led to a novel extended instrument paradigm that permits reliable and robust resolution enhancement. In addition to resolution enhancement, the fruits of this investigation have provided a powerful data mapping tool that permits nontrivial, numeric apodization of observed data. The applications of the novel convolution connection paradigm neural network has a great potential for multidisciplinary applications such as resolution enhancement of image and spectral data.     

Decomposition of arbitrarily shaped morphological structuringelements

For image processing systems that have a limited size of region of support, say 3×3, direct implementation of morphological operations by a structuring element larger than the prefixed size is impossible. The decomposition of morphological operations by a large structuring element into a sequence of recursive operations, each using a smaller structuring element, enables the implementation of large morphological operations. In this paper, the authors present the decomposition of arbitrarily shaped (convex or concave) structuring elements into 3×3 elements, optimized with respect to the number of 3×3 elements. The decomposition is based on the concept of factorization of a structuring element into its prime factors. For a given structuring element, all its corresponding 3×3 prime concave factors are first determined. From the set of the prime factors, the decomposability of the structuring element is then established, and subsequently the structuring element is decomposed into a smallest possible set of 3×3 elements. Examples of optimal decomposition and structuring elements that are not decomposable are presented     

Resonant Rutherford backscattering. Study ofa-axis YBaCuO films with very high crystallinity

Hybrid sputtering and the conventional dc-template sputtering methods were used to deposit highly crystallinea-axis films. The oxygen contents and disorder of the films were measured by the resonant Rutherford backscattering. The oxygen content of the films deposited by the hybrid sputtering depend on the deposition temperature. Films deposited at a low temperature have low oxygen content. The poor superconducting properties of these films may be due to the oxygen deficiency. The stoichiometry of the films deposited by the dc-template sputtering method was found to depend on the microstructure of the template. The disorder at the Ba and O sublattices of these highly crystallinea-axis films are uncorrelated.