Fettzusammensetzung von Lammfleisch

Fat composition of lamb . The effect of different feeding systems (extensive on pasture and intensive penned) on fatty acid composition of lamb muscle in relation to final product quality was investigated in three feeding trials. Lambs feeding on grass the muscle fat contained more n-3 fatty acids in comparison to penned sheep. The relative quantities of C18:3; C20:5 and C22:6 were markedly higher in grass finished lambs.     

The Oklahoma City Bombing: Summary and Recommendations for Multihazard Mitigation

From visual inspection and analysis of the damage that occurred in the Murrah Building as a result of a blast caused by a large truck bomb, it is shown that progressive collapse extended the damage beyond that caused directly by the blast. The type of damage that occurred and the resulting collapse of nearly half the building is consistent with what would be expected for an ordinary moment frame building of the type and detailing available in the mid-1970s when subjected to the blast from such a large truck bomb. Using information developed for the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, types of structural systems that would provide significant increases in toughness to structures subjected to catastrophic loading from events such as major earthquakes and blasts are identified. One of these systems is compartmentalized construction, in which a large percentage of the building has structural walls that are reinforced to provide structural integrity in case the building is damaged. Two additional types of detailing, used in areas of high seismicity, are special moment frame construction and dual systems with special moment frames (herein referred to as dual systems). This paper shows that compartmentalized construction, special moment frames, and dual systems provide the mass and toughness necessary to reduce the effects of extreme overloads on buildings. Consequently, it is recommended that these structural systems be considered where a significant risk of seismic and∕or blast damage exists.     

A simple finite element for beams on elastic foundations

A simple "routine" beam on elastic foundation finite element using a polynomial displacement function has been developed which yields acceptably accurate deflection, shear and bending moment values for prismatic or non-prismatic beams of elastic material resting on foundations with varying or nonlinear subgrade reactions. Limited extension of the formulation to an "exact" finite element using the exact displacement function of a beam on elastic foundation has also been carried out. The subgrade is represented by a non-homogeneous solid medium to include nonlinear parameters if required. The iterative solution is extended to cases where the beam may uplift because the foundation is a no tension material. The model is also suitable for calculating the elastic deflections, membrane. and bending stress resultants for axisymmetrically loaded variable thickness shells of revolution. A computer program called FEBEF [finite element: beam on elastic foundation] incorporating the routine finite element has been prepared for the solution of beams on elastic foundations and axi symmetrically loaded shells of revolution.     

The formation of methyl substituted pyrazines in the Maillard reaction, and the interference by such compounds in the determination of N-nitrosamines in foodstuffs

Summary The formation of methyl substituted pyrazines in the reaction betweenl-alanine andd-glucose (Maillard reaction) is studied and proved by mass spectrometry. These substances interfere strongly in the determination of N-nitrosamines, especially if gas chromatographic and polarographic methods are used. Slight interference may also occur in thin layer chromatography. Colorimetric determination of volatile N-nitrosamines is possible if appropriate clean up procedures are used.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bildung methylsubstituierter Pyrazine bei der Maillard-Reaktion zwischenl-Alanin undd- Glucose wurde untersucht und durch massenspektrometrische Messungen belegt. Die Werte für Pyrazine schwanken sehr stark bei der quantitativen Bestimmung der flüchtigen N-Nitrosamine, besonders wenn gaschromatographische und polarographische Methoden verwendet werden. Geringere Unterschiede werden bei Verwendung dünnschichtchromato-graphischer Methoden beobachtet. Die colorimetrische Bestimmung der Nitrosamine ist dagegen geeignet, wenn spezielle Reinigungsverfahren verwendet werden.

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Abbreviations DMNA dimethyl-N-nitrosamine - DENA diethyl-N-nitrosamine - DPNA dipropyl-N-nitrosamine - DBNA dibutyl-N-nitrosamine - DIBNA diisobutyl-N-nitrosamine Acknowledgement. The authors are deeply indebted to Cand. real. L. Ceh. Department of Biochemistry, The Veterinary College of Norway, Oslo, Norway, to Engineer R. Bosvik, Perkin-Elmer AB, Gotheburg, Sweden and to Docent A. Helgebostad, The Research Station for Furbearing Animals, Heggedal, Norway, for kind and valuable assistance and cooperation in the experiments.     

Memetic Algorithms for Parallel Code Optimization

Discovering the optimum number of processors and the distribution of data on distributed memory parallel computers for a given algorithm is a demanding task. A memetic algorithm (MA) is proposed here to find the best number of processors and the best data distribution method to be used for each stage of a parallel program. Steady state memetic algorithm is compared with transgenerational memetic algorithm using different crossover operators and hill-climbing methods. A self-adaptive MA is also implemented, based on a multimeme strategy. All the experiments are carried out on computationally intensive, communication intensive, and mixed problem instances. The MA performs successfully for the illustrative problem instances.     

The Turkish handmade carpet industry: an analysis in comparison with select Asian countries

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the Turkish handmade carpet industry and to compare it with select Far East countries. In particular, the Turkish handmade carpet industry is compared with the handmade carpet industries of Iran, India, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nepal. In this context, the determinants of handmade carpets in the US market are analyzed empirically. Our results show that the Turkish handmade carpet industry has been experiencing a period of recession in the past decade. Through the relative comparative advantage (RCA) index and the Kreinin–Finger similarity (KFS) index, we observed that the RCA index for Turkey indicates that Turkey’s RCA has been declining since 1992. However, despite this decline, the RCA of Turkey was above that of other countries until 1997. But after this, the advantage disappeared eventually and was gained by Iran. During this period, the other competitors of Turkey showed small increases. Furthermore, the empirical results from the gravity model suggests that a 10% real depreciation/appreciation of the US dollar against foreign currency leads to a 0.2% decrease/increase in imports. This finding suggests relatively low exchange rate import pass‐through in carpet commodity. The results also support the Linder hypothesis that countries with similar preferences and demand structures will tend to trade more.     

The effects of nozzle aspect ratio and nozzle number on the performance of the Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube

An experimental study is carried out to investigate the effects of nozzle aspect ratio and nozzle number on the performance of a vortex tube. Two sets of vortex generator (a single nozzle set with aspect ratio of AR = 0.25, 0.44 and 0.69 and a multiple nozzle set with 2 and 3 nozzle number having the same total flow area) are tested under different inlet pressures. Dry air is used as the working fluid. The experimental results reveal that the nozzle aspect ratio has a great effect on the energy/temperature separation mechanism. The increase in the nozzle aspect ratio leads to the larger mixing zones, which, in turn, decreases the temperature difference between the cold and hot stream, the heating and the cooling performance. The results also showed that the vortex tube with a single nozzle yields better performance than the vortex tube with 2 and 3 nozzles.     

Screening of protective effect of amifostine on radiation-induced structural and functional variations in rat liver microsomal membranes by FT-IR spectroscopy

In this study, the protective effect of amifostine, which is the only FDA-approved radioprotective agent, was investigated against the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation on rat liver microsomal membranes at molecular level. Sprague-Dawley rats, which were either administered amifostine or not, were whole-body irradiated with a single dose of 800 cGy and decapitated after 24 h. The microsomal membranes isolated from the livers of these rats were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results revealed that radiation caused a significant decrease in the lipid-to-protein ratio and the degradation of lipids into smaller fragments that contain less CH(2) and more carbonyl esters, olefinic═CH and CH(3) groups, which could be interpreted as a result of lipid peroxidation. Radiation altered the secondary structure of proteins by inducing a decrease in the β-sheet structures and an increase in the turns and random coil structures. Moreover, a dramatic increase in lipid order and a significant decrease in the membrane dynamics were observed in the irradiated group. The administration of amifostine before ionizing radiation inhibited all the radiation induced compositional, structural, and functional damages. In addition, these results suggest that FT-IR spectroscopy provides a novel approach to monitoring radiation-induced damage on biological membranes.     

Solubility of blue CoAl2O4 ceramic pigments in water and diethylene glycol media

The chemical stability of blue CoAl₂O₄ ceramic pigment in aqueous and non-aqueous suspension was investigated. Distilled water and diethylene glycol (DEG) were used as media. The isoelectric points (IEP) for the commercial and synthesised CoAl₂O₄ pigment were determined to be 4.9 and 8.5, respectively. The IEP shifts toward acidic pH values for the commercial pigment with respect to the synthesised pigment due to the existence of the quartz phase. In water, the cobalt ion concentration was low (2.5 mg dm⁻³), and this concentration did not change with time. However, the aluminium ion concentration was initially high and then decreased to ∼10 mg dm⁻³ at pH 9 and 11 due to the precipitation of Al³⁺ ions as an Al(OH)₃ phase. In DEG, the dissolution of pigment particles with higher ion concentrations (>800 mg dm⁻³) was more significant than that of the aqueous medium, implying that CoAl₂O₄ pigment has insufficient chemical stability in DEG medium with respect to aqueous suspensions.