Interaction in Short Rotation Coppice willow,Salix viminalis genotype mixtures

Seven straight Salix viminalis genotypes with different levels of rust (Melampsora epitea) susceptibility were grown as mono-plots as well as being incorporated into a range of mixtures. Two 3-year harvests (2003 and 2006) were taken. Disease progress was followed on each of the individual genotypes throughout each growing season 2001–2006. In 2003 there were small but significant yield increases from the mixtures compared to the yield of individual components grown as mono-plots. These differences were not evident at the second harvest in 2006. No consistent effect of mixtures on reducing rust on the most susceptible genotype, Salix viminalis ‘77082’ were observed. In some years, e.g. 2003, at certain times during the growing season, significant reductions were observed on Salix viminalis ‘77082’ in certain 3-way mixtures compared to mono-plots. These, however, were not repeated consistently in subsequent years. It was concluded that the current commercial practice in many parts of Europe of planting mixtures as a disease control strategy will only be effective if there is sufficient genetic diversity between the Salix genotypes incorporated into the mixture.     

Conceptualizations of novice and experienced counselors.

We examined the conceptualizations of 23 (11 experienced and 12 novice) counselors, with respect to general counseling process and specific client concerns by means of a two-part conceptual mapping task (CMT). Analyses of the CMT data revealed an interaction effect of counselor experience and generality of conceptual task on the extensiveness of counselor conceptualizations. Experienced counselors displayed slightly more extensive conceptualizations on the general CMT and less extensive conceptualizations on the specific CMT. This interaction effect was interpreted as evidence that experienced counselors possess extensive abstract, general knowledge of counseling that they use to conceptualize specific instances of counseling efficiently and parsimoniously. On the other hand, novice counselors, who lack such abstracted knowledge, engage in more extensive, unique conceptual work for each separate client. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Solutions of iron oxides in molten cryolite

All the iron oxides (FeO, Fe₃O₄, Fe₂O₃, and FeAl₂O₄) dissolve in cryolite-alumina melts to give solutions containing both Fe(II) and Fe(III). The factor controlling the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio is the oxygen pressure, and experimental results are interpreted on that basis. Predictions are made of the variation of solubility with oxygen pressure, and the standard potential of the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox couple is calculated. The anode and anode gas of an industrial Hall-Heroult cell appear to be insufficiently oxidizing to cause significant conversion of Fe(II) to Fe(III). An anomaly in the liquidus diagrams for FeF₂ – Na₃AlF₆ and FeO – Na₃AlF₆ is accounted for in terms of solid solution of FeF₂ in cryolite. This article is based on a presentation made at “The Milton Blander Symposium on Thermodynamic Predictions and Applications” at the TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego, California, on March 1–2, 1999, under the auspices of the TMS Extraction and Processing Division and the ASM Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibrium Committee.     

Low Complexity Antenna Selection Scheme for Multicarrier MIMO Broadcast Communication

A low complexity antenna selection scheme for multicarrier MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) broadcast systems is proposed in this paper. Under special condition of single user in the system or when the number of subcarrier is only one, the system reduces to conventional MIMO-OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system or MIMO-BC (Broadcast Channel) system respectively. By analysing sub-optimal antenna selection schemes developed earlier for single user MIMO-OFDM systems and single carrier MIMO-BC systems, one can see many similarities which can be extended to multicarrier MIMO broadcast systems. The proposed method exploits these similarities to obtain a low complexity system design with acceptable performance. The performance of the proposed scheme is studied via extensive simulation, and the computational complexity involved is compared to the conventional scheme. A selection gain of approximately 0.5 b/s/Hz is shown to be achievable using only two out of three antennas, and the proposed scheme is able to achieve up to 90% of the gain. This is achieved at a complexity that is significantly lower than the conventional methods, hence the practical implementation of the proposed scheme can be justified.     

Effect of planting vertical/horizontal willow (Salix spp.) cuttings on establishment and yield

The conventional, commercial method of planting Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) willow is the use of a willow planter which delivers 20 cm hardwood cuttings vertically into the soil. On well prepared sites an establishment rate in excess of 90% is normal. Recently there has been interest in developing alternative planting protocols with the imminent launch of a ‘lay-flat planter’ which lays lengths of willow end to end at a depth of 8–10 cm. Small experimental plots were established in 2000 using two Salix spp. genotypes, ‘Olof’ and ‘V7534’ and three planting methods: conventional ‘cuttings’ (20 cm lengths planted vertically), ‘lay-flat’ rods (2–3 m lengths planted horizontally) and ‘billets’ (10 cm lengths planted horizontally). Two three-year harvests were taken in 2003/04 and 2006/07 when establishment, growth pattern and yield were assessed. While there were significant differences between the two genotypes, both responded in a similar way to the different planting protocols. Generally growth from billets was less than from either cuttings or lay-flat rods. The lay-flat system required almost three times more propagating material than either the cuttings or billets. Consequently for the system to be commercially viable significant savings must be made elsewhere, possibly through preparation of planting material, ground preparation or reducing planting costs.     

标准之惑

当技术公司发现了共同利益,他们就会制定标准或者推动标准的出台。并从中获益。不过技术标准的出台有时并不容易。     

Noninvasive Versus Invasive Doppler Renal Blood Velocity and Flow Measurements

We compared simultaneous noninvasive and invasive determinations of blood velocity and flow in the renal arteries of 5 mongrel dogs. Noninvasive measurements of blood velocity spectra (?FN) were made using an ultrasonic echo-Doppler duplex scanner. Vessel diameters (DN) and Doppler angles (?N) were measured from sector images of the renal artery. Invasive measurements of blood velocity spectra (?F1) were made using a catheter Doppler velocimeter. Vessel lumen diameter (D1) and Doppler angle (?1) were measured angiographically. Using the Doppler and continuity equations, temporal mean blood velocities (VN, V1) and flows (QN, Q1) of five cardiac cycles were calculated. The ranges of velocity (8-48 cm/s) and flow (40-380 ml/min) were varied by pharmacological intervention. Standard linear regressions (n = 33) were Results suggest that simultaneous noninvasive echo-Doppler and invasive catheter Doppler measurements of canine renal artery blood velocity and flow correlate significantly. Nevertheless, large standard errors of the estimates exist which suggest that important systematic and experimental errors are present in both methods.     

Gamma Irradiation for Inactivation of C. parvum, E. coli, and Coliphage MS-2

Wastewater and drinking water disinfection are typically achieved via chlorination, ozonation, or UV irradiation. However, there has been increased interest in recent years in alternative disinfectants. This interest came about primarily as a result of concerns over the toxicological effects of disinfection by-products created by conventional disinfection processes and the resistance of some recalcitrant microorganisms to these disinfectants. The work reported herein represents an investigation of the effect of an alternative disinfectant, gamma radiation, on the viability of three important waterborne microorganisms. Escherichia coli, coliphage MS-2, and Cryptosporidium parvum were chosen for this investigation as representative bacterial, viral, and protozoan microorganisms, respectively. A 60Co irradiator was used to expose test microorganisms to a controlled radiation dose. Experiments were performed for each of the test microorganisms to evaluate the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration and carbonate alkalinity on inactivation efficiency. For each microorganism, a strong effect of dissolved oxygen was observed, regardless of alkalinity. A subtle effect of alkalinity was observed for E. coli and coliphage MS-2, but only in air-saturated solutions. No significant alkalinity effect was observed for Cryptosporidium parvum. Inactivation kinetics were modeled for E. coli and coliphage MS-2 using single-target theory to calculate an inactivation rate constant. Multitarget theory was used to represent the inactivation response of Cryptosporidium parvum. The inactivation models based on target theory were found to provide suitable representations of experimental observations.