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Different neuropsychological studies clearly show that the perception of our body and its surrounding space is not a given fact but it is influenced by the outcome of our actions (both direct and mediated by the use of tools). In this view, a possible starting point for a better understanding of Presence in computer-mediated interactions is the study of mediated action and its effects on our spatial experience.Following a cognitive perspective, the presented framework describes Presence as an intuitive feeling which is the outcome of an experience-based metacognitive judgment that controls our action. This process monitors pre-reflexively our activity by using an embodied intuitive simulation of the intended action developed through practice (implicit learning).When actions are implemented using one or more tools, it is possible to distinguish between two different types of mediated action: first-order (I use the body to control a proximal artifact, e.g. a tennis player striking the ball with the racquet) or second-order (I use the body to control a proximal artifact that controls a different distal one, e.g. a cranemen using a lever to move a mechanical boom to lift materials). These two mediated actions, when produced intuitively, have different effects on our experience of body and space: a successfully learned first-order mediated action produces incorporation – the proximal tool extends the peripersonal space of the subject – while a successfully learned second-order mediated action produces also incarnation – a second peripersonal space centered on the distal tool. 相似文献
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Tania Limongi Fabrizia Cesca Francesco Gentile Roberto Marotta Roberta Ruffilli Andrea Barberis Marco Dal Maschio Enrica Maria Petrini Stefania Santoriello Fabio Benfenati Enzo Di Fabrizio 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,9(3):402-412
The generation of 3D networks of primary neurons is a big challenge in neuroscience. Here, a novel method is presented for a 3D neuronal culture on superhydrophobic (SH) substrates. How nano‐patterned SH devices stimulate neurons to build 3D networks is investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal imaging show that soon after plating neurites adhere to the nanopatterned pillar sidewalls and they are subsequently pulled between pillars in a suspended position. These neurons display an enhanced survival rate compared to standard cultures and develop mature networks with physiological excitability. These findings underline the importance of using nanostructured SH surfaces for directing 3D neuronal growth, as well as for the design of biomaterials for neuronal regeneration. 相似文献
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Keenan Smith Fabrizia Foglia Adam J. Clancy Dan J. L. Brett Thomas S. Miller 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(42):2304061
Although proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are widely deployed in an array of commercial applications, limitations linked to their proton conductivity, water retention, and gas permeability still limit ultimate device performance. While ex situ studies have shown additives can enhance membrane stability and mass transport, to date few have demonstrated that these performance enhancements are maintained when tested in commercially relevant electrochemical technologies, such as fuel cells or electrolyzers. Herein, a new multifunctional additive, 2D poly(triazine imide) (PTI), is demonstrated for composite PEMs, which is shown to boost proton conductivity by 37% under optimal high relative humidity (RH) conditions and 67% at low RHs. PTI also enables major improvements (over 55%) in both current and power densities in industrially relevant PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). Most importantly, in situ and ex situ characterization suggests that the enhanced performance is due to polymer aggregate-PTI clusters that form with increasing 2D character and improved long-range connectivity, while acid-base interactions with pyridinic nitrogen facilitate the critical proton hopping mechanism at all RHs. Hence, this work offers both a new membrane concept with proven benefits for important electrochemical technologies, as well as design principles for future optimization of proton transport and water management within PEMs. 相似文献
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Poly(benzimidazole–benzophenanthroline) (BBL) is a ladder-type conjugated polymer showing remarkable charge transport properties. Upon doping it displays various conductive regimes, leading to two insulator-to-conductor transitions. Such transitions are never fully characterized, limiting understanding of its charged states. Open issues are: i) the electron/hole polaron relaxations, ii) the structure–function relationships of multiple redox states and their connection with the conductive regimes, and iii) the role of protonation. Such knowledge-gaps are tackled via a comprehensive computational investigation of multiple redox species. Polarons show polyradicaloid character, as revealed by combining broken-symmetry density functional theory, fragment orbital density, and multireference analysis. Electron/hole polaron relaxations occur on the polymer chain, the former localizing on the benzophenanthroline moieties, the latter on the benzimidazole units. Modeling of multiple charged species, up to one electron per repeat unit (1 eru), reveals a complex scenario of quasidegenerate states each featuring different spin multiplicity. Four redox states are responsible for the BBL insulator-to-conductor transitions. The two high conductive states refer to the electron polaron (0.25 eru) and the redox species with 0.75 eru. The insulating regimes refer to the bipolaron (0.50 eru) and the redox state with 1 eru. Protonation is modeled, revealing polaron-like features in the spectroscopic properties. 相似文献
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