Two layered Genetic Programming for mixed-attribute data classification

The important problem of data classification spans numerous real life applications. The classification problem has been tackled by using Genetic Programming in many successful ways. Most approaches focus on classification of only one type of data. However, most of the real-world data contain a mixture of categorical and continuous attributes. In this paper, we present an approach to classify mixed attribute data using Two Layered Genetic Programming (L2GP). The presented approach does not transform data into any other type and combines the properties of arithmetic expressions (using numerical data) and logical expressions (using categorical data). The outer layer contains logical functions and some nodes. These nodes contain the inner layer and are either logical or arithmetic expressions. Logical expressions give their Boolean output to the outer tree. The arithmetic expressions give a real value as their output. Positive real value is considered true and a negative value is considered false. These outputs of inner layers are used to evaluate the outer layer which determines the classification decision. The proposed classification technique has been applied on various heterogeneous data classification problems and found successful.     

Hierarchical Tree Structure Based Clustering Schemes for Secure Group Communication

In recent years, many network applications are developed based on group communications (GC), in which the security has to be provided in terms of confidentiality, authenticity and integrity of messages delivered between the group members. A Hierarchical tree structure has to be constructed in such a way that it can handle large dynamic groups with the effective key formation and key distribution. In this paper, an Optimal Cluster Hierarchical Tree (OCHT) structure is presented for effective group communication. The proposed OCHT structure provides a novel solution for multicast key management with decentralized architecture to ensure scalability, reliability and cost effectiveness. Simulation results reveal that proposed OCHT based decentralized architectures provide better performance when compared with existing Logical Hierarchical Tree (LKH). The parameters used for simulation are Memory Overhead, Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio, End-to-End Latency and Energy consumption.     

Influence of pH on the specific surface area of polyaniline matrices

We report the successful measurement of the specific surface area of chemically synthesized and treated polyaniline (PANI) and its composite PANI/silica (SiO₂). PANI was synthesized chemically from an aqueous solution of aniline and hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the presence of an oxidant, ammonium peroxydisulfate [(NH₄)₂S₂O₈]. In the synthesis of PANI/SiO₂, SiO₂ was incorporated from its colloidal solution contained in the solution for the polymerization of PANI. PANI and PANI/SiO₂ thus synthesized were pretreated with double‐distilled water (pH = 6.95), aqueous HCl (pH = 1.09), and aqueous ammonia (pH = 10.15) solutions to control their pH levels. Surface morphologies of the treated PANI and PANI/SiO₂ matrices were investigated with scanning electron microscopy. The successful incorporation of SiO₂ into the PANI/SiO₂ composite was confirmed by the characteristic infrared absorption band at 1096 cm^?1. The adsorption of methylene blue, which was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm, onto the prepared materials was probed to estimate the real surface area. The base‐treated PANI matrix showed a higher surface area than the acidic and neutral ones. The incorporation of SiO₂ into the PANI matrix yielded a larger surface area. However, the treated PANI/SiO₂ showed the same trend as the treated PANI matrices. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Growth of III-V semiconductor nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy

We present here the growth of GaAs, InAs and InGaAs nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy. The nanowires have been grown on different substrates [GaAs(0 0 1), GaAs(1 1 1), SiO₂ and Si(1 1 1)] using gold as the growth catalyst. We show how the different substrates affect the results in terms of nanowire density and morphology. We also show that the growth temperature for the InGaAs nanowires has to be carefully chosen to obtain homogeneous alloys.     

Modified calibrated control charts for monitoring the population mean under stratified sampling

In this research paper, we discuss the use of calibration technique to propose some new estimators under stratified sampling design and its use in reliability engineering. We first proposed the estimators using the calibration technique and then modify the already existing control charts such as Shewhart, exponentially weighted moving average and hybrid exponentially weighted moving averages using these calibration estimators. We also have studied the use of the proposed control charts in detail by showing their efficiency in terms of average run length. We find out that a hybrid control chart is more effective to detect the early shifts in the mean of the process.     

Hierarchical granular morphology of MoS2-RGO nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing of ascorbic-acid

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - Electrochemical sensing is one of the most powerful tools used for the detection of toxic reagents or for examining health issues. In the...     

Optimal Parameter Estimation of Transmission Line Using Chaotic Initialized Time-Varying PSO Algorithm

Transmission line is a vital part of the power system that connects two major points, the generation, and the distribution. For an efficient design, stable control, and steady operation of the power system, adequate knowledge of the transmission line parameters resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance is of great importance. These parameters are essential for transmission network expansion planning in which a new parallel line is needed to be installed due to increased load demand or the overhead line is replaced with an underground cable. This paper presents a method to optimally estimate the parameters using the input-output quantities i.e., voltages, currents, and power factor of the transmission line. The equivalent π-network model is used and the terminal data i.e., sending-end and receiving-end quantities are assumed as available measured data. The parameter estimation problem is converted to an optimization problem by formulating an error-minimizing objective function. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) in terms of time-varying control parameters and chaos-based initialization is used to optimally estimate the line parameters. Two cases are considered for parameter estimation, the first case is when the line conductance is neglected and in the second case, the conductance is considered into account. The results obtained by the improved algorithm are compared with the standard version of the algorithm, firefly algorithm and artificial bee colony algorithm for 30 number of trials. It is concluded that the improved algorithm is tremendously sufficient in estimating the line parameters in both cases validated by low error values and statistical analysis, comparatively.     

Optimised synthesis of ZnO‐nano‐fertiliser through green chemistry: boosted growth dynamics of economically important L. esculentum

Mounting‐up economic losses to annual crops yield due to micronutrient deficiency, fertiliser inefficiency and increasing microbial invasions (e.g. Xanthomonas cempestri attack on tomatoes) are needed to be solved via nano‐biotechnology. So keeping this in view, the authors’ current study presents the new horizon in the field of nano‐fertiliser with highly nutritive and preservative effect of green fabricated zinc oxide‐nanostructures (ZnO‐NSs) during Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) growth dynamics. ZnO‐NS prepared via green chemistry possesses highly homogenous crystalline structures well‐characterised through ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The ZnO‐NS average size was found as small as 18 nm having a crystallite size of 5 nm. L. esculentum were grown in different concentrations of ZnO‐NS to examine the different morphological parameters includes time of seed germination, germination percentage, the number of plant leaves, the height of the plant, average number of branches, days count for flowering and fruiting time period along with fruit quantity. Promising results clearly predict that bio‐fabricated ZnO‐NS at optimum concentration resulted as growth booster and dramatically triggered the plant yield.Inspec keywords: zinc compounds, II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, nanostructured materials, nanofabrication, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, crystallites, biomedical materials, nanomedicineOther keywords: ZnO‐nanofertiliser, green chemistry, boosted growth dynamics, L. esculentum, mounting‐up economic losses, micronutrient deficiency, fertiliser inefficiency, microbial invasions, Xanthomonas cempestri, nanobiotechnology, zinc oxide‐nanostructures, Lycopersicum esculentum, high‐homogenous crystalline structures, ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, crystallite size, morphological parameters, seed germination, germination percentage, plant leaves, ZnO     

Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells: A comparative study with two different system of solvent-free binary room-temperature ionic liquid-based electrolytes

In this work, novel redox electrolytes based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) were prepared using binary ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIMTFSI) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF₄) to reduce the high viscosity of MPII. The addition of low viscosity ionic liquids is to overcome the low mass transportation of redox mediator faced by the single ionic liquid. Therefore, different ratios of ionic liquids were added, and their effect on the electrical properties of the ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) was observed. It was confirmed that all the system dominant by ions rather than electron. The binary ionic liquid system containing 37.5 wt.% of BMIMBF₄ showed the highest ionic conductivity of 24.2 mS cm⁻¹. Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that complexation occurred between all materials. The combination of two alkyl side chain length has enhanced the efficiency of the DSSC with short-circuit current density (J_SC) of 26.81 mA cm⁻¹, open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of 0.67 V, fill factor of 44.5% and photovoltaic conversion efficiency (η) of 7.8%. This work has provided valuable insight for further stability of binary ionic liquid-based GPE compared to single ionic liquid electrolytes.