Supplementation of wheat flour with some local legumes

Egyptian bread made with broad bean flour, lentil flour, and wheat flour was scored for aroma, crust colour, crumb colour, texture, flavour and over-all acceptability by Egyptian judges. Protein quality of the bread was measured by a rat growth study. Analysis of variance for the data from the organoleptic evaluation was insignificant. The results indicate that broad bean flour could be added to wheat flour in making Egyptian Ballady bread up to 20% without affecting any of the tested characteristics. However, supplementation of wheat flour with more than 15% lentil flour might have some effect on flavour and hence on overall acceptability. The addition of 5, 10, 15 and 20% broad bean flour and lentil flour was accompained by an increase in the PER. It was clear that wheat flour supplemented with broad bean flour had a more pronounced effect on the PER at a 5 and 10% level of supplementation than that supplemented with lentil. The PER data were subjected to analysis of variance. At 1% level of significance the increase in PER for the 10, 15 and 20% broad bean breads was significant. Also the differences in the PERs between 5, 10 and 15% broad bean flour was significant. At 1% level of significance there was a significant difference in the PER values of bread made with 15 and 20% lentil flour. Incorporating broad bean flour into bread at a 20% level had a significant effect on the NPR at 1% and 5% level of significance. At 1% level of significance the only significant increase in NPR was noticed using the 20% level of lentil flour.     

Corrosion characterization of new tin-silver binary alloys in nitric acid solutions

Electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the corrosion behavior of four new binary alloys xSn-Ag (x = 26, 50, 70 and 96.5 wt%) alloys and their individual metal components in nitric acid solutions. The experimental data were collected by using open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Over the concentration range studied (0.075-4.5 M), each of the two corrosion parameters (E_corr and i_corr) shows a regular dependency on both the alloy composition and the solution concentration. In general, for all studied samples, especially pure Ag and those with lower Sn contents (26 and 50 wt%), increasing the acid concentration increases i_corr, meanwhile causes a shift of the corresponding E_corr towards more positive values. This is probably due to the increase in the effect of cathodic depolarizer as the nitric acid concentration is increased. EIS results at the free corrosion potential confirmed well this behavior, where at concentrations ?1.5 M the thickness of the surface film increases while its resistance decreases with increasing tin wt%, indicating formation of less protective thicker film. However, at higher concentrations all samples exhibit identical behavior.     

Physical and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles with a different molar ratio of ferrous and ferric

The magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized with the same reaction conditions like co-precipitation method, molar ratio, and raw materials, but their magnetization values were not the same. This due to the change of some properties of ferrous oxide (Fs) nanoparticles when exposed it to the air. So this work suggested the core-shell design of magnetite nanoparticles (MA), this core-shell was prepared from ferric oxide (Fc) nanoparticles coated with sheets from ferrous oxides (Fs). The magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles with different molar ratios of ferrous and ferric were studied via co-precipitation with NaOH. The crystallographic and phase structure of prepared iron oxides nanoparticles were investigated by employing Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), Particle size and zeta potential, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The changed magnetic moment of iron oxide nanoparticles was attributed to the presence of different a concentration of manganese atoms.     

Study for Corrosion and Hydrogen Evolution Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Simulated Acid Rain Water

The electrochemical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements at the open circuit potentials and potentiodynamic polarization measurements in a simulated acid rain containing inorganic additives. The ac circuit model for Ti-6Al-4V alloy at corrosion interface in simulated acid rain containing inorganic additives was proposed, which was based on two time constants equivalent circuit. Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a simulated acid rain of pH 1.5 containing inorganic additives showed a characteristic of a capacitive behavior. The effect of different concentrations of the inorganic additives (iodate, dichromate, phosphate, and nitrate) on the corrosion of the alloy in acid rain water (ARW) was also studied. It was found that the corrosion rate decreases drastically in the solution containing iodate, dichromate, and phosphate anions; however, nitrate anions increase the corrosion rate of the alloy. The investigated inorganic additives had inhibiting effect on the corrosion of the alloy in ARW, and their efficiency decreases according to the order: iodate > dichromate > phosphate > blank > nitrate. Polarization data results are in good agreement with EIS.     

Electrochemical behavior of magnesium alloys as biodegradable materials in Hank's solution

The electrochemical behavior of extruded AZ31E and AZ91E alloys was investigated in Hank's solution at 37 °C. The behavior of the two alloys was studied with immersion time using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss tests. It was found that the corrosion resistance of AZ31E alloy is higher than that of AZ91E. Also, the effect of adding different concentrations of a commercial drug called glucosamine sulphate (as inhibitor) to Hank's solution was studied for AZ31E alloy. The corrosion was effectively inhibited by the addition of 0.01 mM glucosamine sulphate that reacts with AZ31E alloy and forms a protective film on its surface. The results were confirmed by surface examination via scanning electron microscope.     

Inhibition effect of newly synthesized heterocyclic organic molecules on corrosion of steel in alkaline medium containing chloride

Two new organic compounds were tested experimentally as inhibitors for mild steel in NaOH in presence of NaCl by electrochemical and hydrogen evolution techniques. Results demonstrated that the two inhibitors show an adsorption on steel surface according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentrations to attain a maximum value at 1.0 mM for compound I and at 6.0 mM for compound II, respectively. The results were confirmed by surface examination via scanning electron microscope.     

Corrosion protection of mild steel by polyvinylsilsesquioxanes coatings in 3% NaCl solution

Polyvinylsilsesquioxanes (PVS) coatings were synthesized by the hydrolytic polycondensation of vinyltrimethoxysilane using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. Their structure was characterized by Fourier transform IR (FTIR) and the viscosity [in centipoise(cP)] of polyvinylsilsesquioxanes was measured at 298 K. The electrochemical behavior of I–IV coated steel electrodes, of polymer concentration as follows: [I(20%), II(40%) of viscosity 50 cP and III(20%), IV(40%) of viscosity 15 cP], was investigated in 3% NaCl solution using various electrochemical techniques, i.e., open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS), and surface examination via scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The influence of immersion time on the electroctrochemical behavior of polysilsesquioxane-coated electrodes was also studied. The results of polarization measurements showed that corrosion current density (i _corr) decreases in the order IV > III > II > I. Also, the film resistance is the highest for PVS-coated electrode I as evaluated from EIS measurements. OCP, EIS, and polarization results are in good agreement with each other. The obtained results were confirmed by surface examination using scanning electron microscope.     

Radiation effect on viscous flow of a nanofluid and heat transfer over a nonlinearly stretching sheet

In this work, we study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a viscous nanofluid over a nonlinearly stretching sheet in the presence of thermal radiation, included in the energy equation, and variable wall temperature. A similarity transformation was used to transform the governing partial differential equations to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. An efficient numerical shooting technique with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme was used to obtain the solution of the boundary value problem. The variations of dimensionless surface temperature, as well as flow and heat-transfer characteristics with the governing dimensionless parameters of the problem, which include the nanoparticle volume fraction ϕ, the nonlinearly stretching sheet parameter n, the thermal radiation parameter N_R, and the viscous dissipation parameter Ec, were graphed and tabulated. Excellent validation of the present numerical results has been achieved with the earlier nonlinearly stretching sheet problem of Cortell for local Nusselt number without taking the effect of nanoparticles.