Obituary: Clarence James Leuba (1899–1985).

Presents an obituary for Clarence J. Leuba. Leuba spent a large part of his career (from 1930 to 1962) as chair of the Department of Psychology at Antioch College. At Antioch he was a pioneer in student counseling and in new teaching methods. Feeling that the lecture method was inadequate, he established small student-led discussion groups that could be monitored directly by the professor who was close at hand to offer aid or advice without being intrusive. He was a prolific writer, authoring numerous articles, chapters in others' books, and his own books, and was active in numerous professional organizations. In terms of Leuba's lifework, his principal contribution to psychology was his emphasis on the integration of the many aspects of the field that were developing in his lifetime and that were, too often in his view, not on speaking terms with each other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The road not taken: Understanding the implications of initial uncertainty in evaluating spatial directions.

In a developmental study of sustained cognitive monitoring, 21 2nd graders, 21 6th graders, and 21 college students followed a 2-part sequence of spatial directions and then judged whether they could be sure they had reached the destination intended by the direction giver. Some directions were constructed such that the 1st part was referentially ambiguous and such that the 2nd part, although seemingly unambiguous in itself, failed to clarify the initial ambiguity and consequently left the intended destination still uncertain. Although the younger Ss understood and could recall that the initial part of the directions was ambiguous, they tended to disregard this information when making their judgments, concluding incorrectly that they could be sure they were at the intended destination because the 2nd part seemed unambiguous. In contrast, the older Ss tended to keep the initial ambiguity in mind, analyze the relation between the 2 parts, and conclude correctly that they could not be sure. Cognitive monitoring skills of the general type examined in this study appear to be useful in many real-world cognitive enterprises. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fetal antecedents of infant temperament

This study established the emergence of stable individual differences in neurobehavioral functioning prior to birth and examined their relation to subsequent infant temperament. Fetal heart rate and movement were recorded longitudinally for 31 fetuses at 6 gestational ages beginning at 20 weeks' gestation. Maternally reported temperament data were collected at 3 and 6 months. Moderate stability in all measures except reactivity was apparent at some time before birth. By 36 weeks, fetal neurobehavior accounted for between 22% and 60% of the variance in prediction of temperament scores. In general, more active fetuses were more difficult, unpredictable, unadaptable, and active infants. Higher fetal heart rate was associated with lower emotional tone, activity level, and predictability. We conclude that features of fetal neurobehavior provide the basis for individual differences in reactivity and regulation in infancy.     

Ketorolac vs meperidine for the management of pain in the emergency department

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pain relief, sedation, and common side effect profiles of ketorolac tromethamine and meperidine for the management of acute pain in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted over a 12-month period using consecutive adult patients presenting to a university teaching hospital ED (annual census: 32,000), who required IM analgesia for acute pain. Adult patients with acute pain of various etiologies were randomly assigned to receive a single fixed IM dose of ketorolac (60 mg) or meperidine (100 mg). RESULTS: Ninety-three patients were enrolled in the study; 46 were randomized to meperidine and 47 to ketorolac. Using a visual analog scale, there was no difference in pain relief between the ketorolac and meperidine groups even after adjusting for baseline pain level. Ketorolac caused significantly (p < 0.005) less sedation than did meperidine at one hour. Rescue analgesia was required for seven of the 46 (15.2%) patients receiving meperidine and five of the 47 (10.6%) patients receiving ketorolac (p = NS). Seventeen of 45 (38%) patients receiving meperidine experienced side effects compared with eight of the 47 (17%) patients receiving ketorolac (p = 0.0452). CONCLUSIONS: When used to treat patients who had acute pain states, 60 mg of IM ketorolac produced analgesia similar to that produced by 100 mg of IM meperidine; however, the ketorolac produced fewer subjective side effects and less sedation than did the meperidine.     

Softening and microstructural change following the dynamic recrystallization of austenite

To characterize the dynamic recrystallization behavior of austenite, continuous-torsion tests were carried out on a Mo steel over the temperature range 950 ‡C to {dy1000} ‡C, and at strain rates of 0.02, 0.2, and 2 s^-1. Interrupted-torsion tests also were performed to study the characteristics of postdynamic recrystallization. Quenches were performed after increasing holding times to follow the development of the postdynamic microstructure. Finally, torsion simulations were carried out to assess the importance of metadynamic recrystallization in hot-strip mills. The postdynamic microstructure shows that the growth of dynamically recrystallized grains is the first change that takes place. Then metadynamically recrystallized grains appear and contribute to the softening of the material. The rate of metadynamic recrystallization and the meta-dynamically recrystallized grain size depend on strain rate and temperature and are relatively independent of strain, in contrast to the observations for static recrystallization. True dynamic recrystallization-controlled rolling (DRCR) is shown to require such short interpass times that it does not occur in isolation in hot-strip mills. As these schedules involve 20 to 80 pct softening by metadynamic recrystallization, a new concept known as metadynamic recrystallization-controlled rolling (MDRCR) is introduced to describe this type of situation. 1 C. ROUCOULES, formerly with the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada     

Anticipatory dementia: a link between memory appraisals and concerns about developing Alzheimer's disease

This exploratory study examines the link between memory appraisals and personal concerns about developing Alzheimer's disease. The sample of persons ages 40-60 includes adult children with a living parent who has Alzheimer's disease (N = 25) and a matched group with no family history of dementia (N = 25). Using two composite measures of memory appraisals, the results show significant bivariate and multivariate relationships between self-assessments of memory functioning and concerns about developing the disease. The findings also suggest that negative memory appraisals evoke concerns about developing Alzheimer's disease within both of the subsamples.     

Frontiers of current research: Section introduction.

This article introduces the special section in the current issue of the American Psychologist. The articles in this section appear in two groups. The first is titled "Developmental Perspectives"; the second is titled "Learning and Teaching." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synergy Between Business Process and Systems Reengineering

Business process reengineering (BPR) and systems reengineering (SR) often are implemented separately, in an uncoordinated fashion. Yet practitioners realize that BPR can be informed by SR and that SR can benefit from the application of BPR concepts. This article presents an integrated BPR and SR model that exploits the synergy of integrated BDR and SR. the model has been applied successfully in practice and shows how to tailor this model to meet each organization's situation.     

Enzymatic activity and expression of cytochrome P450 LA omega within intrasplenically transplanted fetal hepatocytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats

We examined the expression and enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 LA omega within transplanted hepatocytes. Fetal hepatocytes were harvested at day 20 of gestation from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and transplanted into recipient adult SHR spleens. Microscopic examination of the recipient spleens at 4 and 10 wk after transplantation revealed masses of hepatocytes with cord-like structures in the red pulp. Immunochemical studies detected cytochrome (cyto) P450 LA omega in the fetal hepatocytes before transplantation without prior induction. Although the cyto P450 LA omega was not detected by the second week after transplantation, by the 6th and 10th wk after transplantation, it was. Cyto P450-arachidonic acid omega/omega-1 hydroxylase activity (formation of 20- and 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) was detected at 10 wk after transplantation, but not 2 or 6 wk after transplantation. These results demonstrated that fetal hepatocytes can be transplanted successfully into recipient spleens and then grow in the spleens, as in the case of the adult hepatocyte response.