Maxillary sinus floor augmentation on humans: Packing simulations and 8 months histomorphometric comparative study of anorganic bone matrix and β-tricalcium phosphate particles as grafting materials

The present study compares the behaviour of an anorganic bone matrix material and a synthetic β-Tricalcium phosphate employed as grafting materials in a sinus floor augmentation two step protocol in humans. In order to estimate the initial occupation level for the two materials, an 'in vitro' simulation has been performed to analyse macroporosity created due to particle packing in terms of porosity and interparticle distances. Grafting in the sinus floor augmentation was performed by filling the defects only with pure grafting materials without autogenous bone addition. The new-bone generated is 100% based on the osteoconductive properties of the grafted materials in contact with physiological fluids. The implants were placed 8 months after the grafting procedure. All the implanted positions were biopsied and embedded in methacrylate resin. Histomorphometric analyses were done over thin film undecalcified sections. Packing simulations allow establishing a comparison of the resorbed volumes related to the initial occupancy of the grafting materials inside the defect. The nature of this interconnected pore network is very alike for either material so new-bone generated was similar (~35 vol.%).     

Modelling changes in anthocyanins,total vitamin C and colour as a consequence of peracetic acid washing disinfection of two cultivars of strawberries for fresh‐cut processing

The aim of the study was to quantify and model the retention of total anthocyanins (TAR), ascorbic acid (AAR) and total vitamin C (Vit C), and the colour changes of fresh‐cut strawberries after washing disinfection with peracetic acid (PAA) at different concentrations (0–100 mg L^?1), times (10–120 s) and temperatures (4–40 °C). Two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Selva) were used. TAR (%) and AAR (%) were principally affected by PAA concentration and processing time in both cultivars. There was an approximately 90% Vit C retention at any condition in the experimental domain for Camarosa cultivar. However, in the case of Selva cultivar, total vitamin C retention and colour changes were affected by the processing variables.     

Influence of diets enriched with flaxseed oil on the α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acid in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study examined the effects of different levels of flaxseed oil in increasing the α-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids contents in tilapias raised in captivity. Nile tilapia were raised in captivity for a period of five months, receiving increasing levels (0%; 1.25%; 2.50%; 3.75% and 5.00%) of flaxseed oil in substitution for sunflower oil (control). No significant differences (P>0.05) of moisture or total lipids contents were found among fillets from tilapia fed the different diets. Analyses of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography against a C_23:0 internal standard. Increases of the concentration of LNA, EPA and DHA (in mg/g of total lipids), were well established in the fillets, with a significant difference (P<0.05) among all the treatments, as the replacement of the sunflower oil by flaxseed oil was increased.     

Lipolysis, proteolysis and physico-chemical modifications during ripening of dry-cured duck breast

Chemical traits related to dry-curing process (pH, moisture, water activity total and chlorides), color and textural properties and changes of free fatty acid and amino acid compositions during the processing of dry-cured duck breast were quantified. For this purpose, 25 male ducks from crossbred mule were used in this study and samples at 0 days (raw breast) and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of ripening were taken. The results showed that all physico-chemical parameters suffered significant differences during the manufacture of dry-cured duck breast. A decrease in all variables was observed with the exception of chlorides and textural properties due to dehydration process. Concerning free fatty acids, a significant increase (P < 0.05) from 299.57 mg/g of fat in the raw breast to 380.43 mg/g of fat at the end of the drying–ripening stage was recorded. Finally, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the total free amino acids was observed from raw breast (1,059.17 mg/100 g of DM) to the end of dry-ripening (2,792.48 mg/100 g of DM).     

Multi-scale coupling between two dynamical models for PEMFC aging prediction

In this paper, an approach allowing connecting two numerical models for the simulation of the PEMFC operation and durability at different physical scales is presented. After explaining the interest of coupling them to study the interactions between the fuel cell system and the fuel cell itself, along with lifetime concerns, the feasibility of the task is assessed. Then the numerical approach to achieve this coupling is presented. Finally the response of the coupled models is examined to check its validity, and first results are presented. Predicted fuel cell lifetime trends when changing the stack operation conditions are shown, which highlight the presence of optima concerning temperature, demanded current, pressure and O₂ stoichiometry. Two operation modes are then compared in terms of their impact on the fuel cell performance decay, showing that power cycles are more damaging the fuel cell than nominal operation.     

What are the costs and benefits of biodiversity recovery in a highly polluted estuary?

Biodiversity recovery measures have often been ignored when dealing with the restoration of degraded aquatic systems. Furthermore, biological valuation methods have been applied only spatially in previous studies, and not jointly on a temporal and spatial scale. The intense monitoring efforts carried out in a highly polluted estuary, in northern Spain (Nervión estuary), allowed for the economic valuation of the costs and the biological valuation of the benefits associated with a 21 years sewage scheme application. The analysis show that the total amount of money invested into the sewage scheme has contributed to the estuary’s improvement of both environmental and biological features, as well as to an increase in the uses and services provided by the estuary. However, the inner and outer parts of the estuary showed different responses. An understanding of the costs and trajectories of the environmental recovery of degraded aquatic systems is increasingly necessary to allow policy makers and regulators to formulate robust, cost-efficient and feasible management decisions.     

Growth potential of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in nine types of ready-to-eat vegetables stored at variable temperature conditions during shelf-life

Growth potential (δ) is defined as the difference between the population of a microorganism at the end of shelf-life of specific food and its initial population. The determination of δ of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in RTE vegetables can be very useful to determine likely threats to food safety. However, little is known on the behavior of these microorganisms in several RTE vegetables. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the δ of both pathogens in nine different types of RTE vegetables (escarole, collard green, spinach, watercress, arugula, grated carrot, green salad, and mix for yakisoba) stored at refrigeration (7°C) and abuse temperature (15°C). The population of aerobic microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria, including those showing antimicrobial activity has been also determined. Results indicated that L. monocytogenes was able to grow (δ≥0.5 log(10)) in more storage conditions and vegetables than Salmonella. Both microorganisms were inhibited in carrots, although a more pronounced effect has been observed against L. monocytogenes. The highest δ values were obtained when the RTE vegetables were stored 15°C/6days in collard greens (δ=3.3) and arugula (δ=3.2) (L. monocytogenes) and arugula (δ=4.1) and escarole (δ=2.8) (Salmonella). In most vegetables and storage conditions studied, the counts of total aerobic microorganisms raised significantly independent of the temperature of storage (p<0.05). Counts of lactic acid bacteria were higher in vegetables partially or fully stored at abuse temperature with recovery of isolates showing antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, the results of this study show that Salmonella and L. monocytogenes may grow and reach high populations in RTE vegetables depending on storage conditions and the definition of effective intervention strategies are needed to control their growth in these products.     

Effect of annealing on the semicrystalline structure of normal and waxy corn starches

The influence of amylose and amylopectin on structural reorganization occurred during annealing was studied for normal and waxy corn starches. Annealing caused an increase in crystallinity in the waxy corn starch, whereas the number of pores on the granule surface, observed by SEM, increased especially for normal corn starch. Amylose and amylopectin chains of the annealed normal corn starch were degraded to greater extension during enzymatic hydrolysis than those of the native starch. On contrary, the annealing caused a protective effect on waxy corn starch amylopectin toward the enzymatic reaction suggesting that this treatment promoted a better interaction between amylopectin chains of waxy corn starch. The amylose molecules of normal corn starch may have impaired the mobility of amylopectin molecules and restricted the reorganization of the crystalline structure during the annealing. The major increase in pores number on the granule surface of annealed normal corn starch, resulted of the endogenous amylase action during annealing, could facilitate the exogenous enzymes’ role in the degradation of the starch granules’ amorphous area.     

Optimization of Chitosanase Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma koningii</Emphasis> sp. Under Solid-State Fermentation

This study aimed at the optimization of the production of chitosanase in solid culture. Trichoderma koningii sp., an entomopathogenic fungus, was used to produce chitosanase under solid-state fermentation using a mixture of wheat bran and chitosan. The incubation period; addition of moistening water and culture medium composition were optimized. The protocol to extract the enzyme was also optimized. The optimal conditions for chitosanase production by T. koningii were obtained using a mixture of 3.0 g of wheat bran and 1.5 g of chitosan, with the addition of 2.5 mL of moistening water (pH 5.5) and of 2.5 mL of saline solution (pH 5.5) containing NaNO₃ (1.0 g/L), (NH₄)₂HPO₄ (1.0 g/L), MgSO₄.7H₂O (1.0 g/L), and NaCl (1.0 g/L). Optimal enzyme extraction was carried out adding 20 mL of sodium acetate buffer (200 mM, pH 5.5) at 30 °C under orbital agitation at 150 rpm for 6 min. The optimized production yielded 4.84 IU/gds.