Herstellung von Synthesegas aus Braunkohle

Production of synthesis gas from lignite . The production of methanol synthesis gas from lignite is explained for the high-temperature Winkler process. The influence of experimental factors on the economics of the overall process is indicated, and the production of methanol synthesis gas from lignite, residual oil, and natural gas is compared. The article concludes by presenting further developments of the high-temperature Winkler process.     

Reinigung der Phosphorylase aus Kartoffeln

Purification of Phosphorylase from Potatoes. Phosphorylase (α-1.4-glucane: orthophosphate glucosyl transferase E.C.2.4.1.1.) was isolated from potatoes by means of five purification steps with 40 % yield in a concentration of 87 times as strong as the original one with a specific activity of 7.0 E/mg protein. By adding Na₂S₂O₄ and by inactivation of the phenoloxidases by means of NaCN the melanine formation during the purification process was made impossible. α-Amylase, which is especially irritating with examinations of phosphorolytic degradation was separated by a heat step (50 min, 56 °C, pH 7.0). The phenoloxidases were separated by means of ion-exchanger chromatography with DEAE-cellulose (0.1 M KCl). The colourless enzyme, which remains stable for months at 0–5 °C is constant in its molecular weight according to tests with gel- permeation-chromatography (Sephadex G-200) and in the ultra centrifuge. In the gel-electrophosphoresis the enzyme moves as a uniform peak.     

Superposition of Constant and Oscillatory Flows in a Rigid Cylindrcal Tube: Influence of Entrance Effects

The interaction of constant and oscillatory flows in a cylindrical tube was studied theoretically and verified experimentally. The impedance of the tube predicted on the basis of a model dealing with this interaction was in good agreement with the observed values (between 2 and 32 Hz) provided the influence of entrance effects was taken into account. The study shows that the influence of a constant flow on oscillatory impedances is of minor importance within this range of frequencies. Entrance effects however, result in an overestimation of steady and oscillatory resistances. The latter increase with steady tlow, twice as rapidly for oscillatory as for steady flow resistance.     

Pattern recognition of sleep in rodents using piezoelectric signals generated by gross body movements

Current research on sleep using experimental animals is limited by the expense and time-consuming nature of traditional EEG/EMG recordings. We present here an alternative, noninvasive approach utilizing piezoelectric films configured as highly sensitive motion detectors. These film strips attached to the floor of the rodent cage produce an electrical output in direct proportion to the distortion of the material. During sleep, movement associated with breathing is the predominant gross body movement and, thus, output from the piezoelectric transducer provided an accurate respiratory trace during sleep. During wake, respiratory movements are masked by other motor activities. An automatic pattern recognition system was developed to identify periods of sleep and wake using the piezoelectric generated signal. Due to the complex and highly variable waveforms that result from subtle postural adjustments in the animals, traditional signal analysis techniques were not sufficient for accurate classification of sleep versus wake. Therefore, a novel pattern recognition algorithm was developed that successfully distinguished sleep from wake in approximately 95% of all epochs. This algorithm may have general utility for a variety of signals in biomedical and engineering applications. This automated system for monitoring sleep is noninvasive, inexpensive, and may be useful for large-scale sleep studies including genetic approaches towards understanding sleep and sleep disorders, and the rapid screening of the efficacy of sleep or wake promoting drugs.     

Wall thickening at rest and contractile reserve early after myocardial infarction: correlation with myocardial perfusion and metabolism

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in wall thickening and their reaction to stimulation can be studied by magnetic resonance imaging. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relationship between these abnormalities and changes in myocardial perfusion and fatty acid metabolism. METHODS: Fifteen patients with a myocardial infarction underwent low-dose dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging to assess their wall thickening and contractile reserve, and technetium-99m sestamibi (MIBI) and beta-methyl-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) single-photon emission tomography to assess their myocardial perfusion and fatty acid uptake. For nine segments per patient, the wall thickening was scored as normal, hypokinetic or akinetic, and the myocardial perfusion as normal (> 65%), mildly to moderately reduced (35-65%) or severely reduced (< 35%). Abnormalities in fatty acid uptake were compared with the myocardial perfusion and defined as matched (difference < or = 10%) or mismatched (difference > 10%) reduction. RESULTS: Thirty-four segments had abnormal wall thickening (13 hypokinetic and 21 akinetic). The wall thickening at rest was significantly related to the uptake of MIBI (P < 0.001), but not to abnormalities in the uptake of BMIPP. All of the akinetic segments had an abnormal uptake of MIBI (15 severely and six mildly to moderately reduced), whereas 7 of 13 hypokinetic segments had a normal and five a midly to moderately reduced uptake. A significant relationship between abnormalities of fatty acid metabolism and the contractile reserve was also found (P < 0.002): 14 of 16 segments with and only six of 18 without contractile reserve had a mismatched reduction in uptakes of MIBI and BMIPP. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the relationship between the wall thickening at rest and the residual perfusion after infarction. On the other hand, the contractile reserve, which is an accepted indicator of the viability of the infarct region, is associated strongly with abnormalities of fatty acid metabolism.     

AIDA's fourth-generation software functionality

Aspects characterizing typical, office-like environments are described and common procedures are extracted. These are used to derive the requirements of fourth-generation software packages. Typical fourth-generation software packages are discussed, and a presentation is given of a fourth-generation software package called AIDA, including all its functional aspects.     

A test of the set disruption interpretation of perceptual defense.

Trained 16 male undergraduates to the affective signal value of 2 symbols. 1 symbol served as a signal for taboo words, and the other as a signal for neutral words. Results show that when words in the test phase were preceded by the taboo signal, a higher recognition threshold was obtained than when words were preceded by a neutral signal. This effect was found to be independent of the affect of the word that followed the signal. Results are interpreted as casting doubt on the possibility that data supporting perceptual defense can be interpreted on the basis of some form of set disruption. (French summary) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)