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排序方式: 共有1119条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
Abstract There has been a growing consciousness for the need for a framework that is holistic and comprehensive in the assessment of irrigation system performance. This paper presents the results of statistical tests conducted on the analytical framework developed in Part 1 of the paper to examine whether or not it addresses the important issues of system performance. Information collected from two farmer-managed irrigation systems of Nepal was used to test the validity of the framework. The empirical evidence shows that the framework is valid in identifying and fitting conventionally-overlooked livelihood assets and that it demonstrates differences in farm households' access to these assets resulting in varying performance of irrigation systems. 相似文献
82.
83.
John A. Mikroyannidis Antonis N. Kabanakis S. S. Sharma Ganesh D. Sharma 《Advanced functional materials》2011,21(4):746-755
[6,6]‐phenyl‐C‐61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are the most widely used acceptor and donor materials, respectively, in polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, the low LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level of PCBM limits the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the PSCs based on P3HT. Herein a simple, low‐cost and effective approach of modifying PCBM and improving its absorption is reported which can be extended to all fullerene derivatives with an ester structure. In particular, PCBM is hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid and then converted to the corresponding carbonyl chloride. The latter is condensed with 4‐nitro‐4’‐hydroxy‐α‐cyanostilbene to afford the modified fullerene F . It is more soluble than PCBM in common organic solvents due to the increase of the organic moiety. Both solutions and thin films of F show stronger absorption than PCBM in the range of 250–900 nm. The electrochemical properties and electronic energy levels of F and PCBM are measured by cyclic voltammetry. The LUMO energy level of F is 0.25 eV higher than that of PCBM. The PSCs based on P3HT with F as an acceptor shows a higher Voc of 0.86 V and a short circuit current (Jsc) of 8.5 mA cm?2, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.23%, while the PSC based on P3HT:PCBM shows a PCE of about 2.93% under the same conditions. The results indicate that the modified PCBM, i.e., F , is an excellent acceptor for PSC based on bulk heterojunction active layers. A maximum overall PCE of 5.25% is achieved with the PSC based on the P3HT: F blend deposited from a mixture of solvents (chloroform/acetone) and subsequent thermal annealing at 120 °C. 相似文献
84.
Randeep Rakwal Ganesh Kumar Agrawal Junko Shibato Tetsuji Imanaka Satoshi Fukutani Shigeru Tamogami Satoru Endo Sarata Kumar Sahoo Yoshinori Masuo Shinzo Kimura 《International journal of molecular sciences》2009,10(3):1215-1225
We report molecular changes in leaves of rice plants (Oryza sativa L. - reference crop plant and grass model) exposed to ultra low-dose ionizing radiation, first using contaminated soil from the exclusion zone around Chernobyl reactor site. Results revealed induction of stress-related marker genes (Northern blot) and secondary metabolites (LC-MS/MS) in irradiated leaf segments over appropriate control. Second, employing the same in vitro model system, we replicated results of the first experiment using in-house fabricated sources of ultra low-dose gamma (γ) rays and selected marker genes by RT-PCR. Results suggest the usefulness of the rice model in studying ultra low-dose radiation response/s. 相似文献
85.
Nanoparticles (about 200 nm thick and 600–12000 nm long flakes) of dipyridamole, a poorly water-soluble anti-thrombosis drug, are produced by supercritical antisolvent solvent with enhanced mass transfer method. Applicability of sonication in liquid CO2 for mixing of drug and excipient nanoparticles is demonstrated for several binary mixtures of drug and excipient. The drug particles are mixed with three different excipients: silica nanoparticles, lactose microparticles, and polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles. To intimately mix at nanoscale, macro mixtures of dipyridamole and excipient particles are sonicated in liquid carbon dioxide. The effects of ultrasonic energy, amplitude, and component weight ratio are studied for the binary mixtures. Characterization of mixing is done using several methods. Scanning electron microscopy is used as a primary method for microscopic analysis. Two macroscopic effects, drug dissolution and blend homogeneity (relative standard deviation), are used to characterize mixing quality of drug/lactose mixture. Results of drug dissolution and blend homogeneity show effectiveness of the proposed mixing method for fine size particles. Material handling properties of drug/silica and lactose/silica mixtures were examined. Upon mixing, the handling properties are significantly improved as measured by compressibility index and Hausner ratio. Liquid CO2 offers an environmentally benign media for mixing. In addition, the mixture obtained does not contain any residual solvent as compared to the sonication in organic liquids. Upon depressurization, CO2 is easily removed from the mixture providing a facile recovery of the product. 相似文献
86.
Manjunatha Pattabi S. C. Gurumurthy Ganesh Sanjeev A. B. Gaikwad 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2011,22(8):1095-1100
Results of the investigations carried out on the electrical behavior of silver particulate films deposited on electron beam
irradiated polystyrene (PS) coated substrates held at a temperature of 455 K in a vacuum of 8 × 10−6 torr at a constant deposition rate of 0.4 nm/s are reported. It is known that when metals are evaporated on to softened polymer
substrates, subsurface particulate structures are formed whose morphology is dependent on deposition parameters. Further,
it was shown that the morphology is dependent on polymer-metal interaction. The present work demonstrates that the polymer-metal
interaction can be brought about in inert polymers like PS by electron irradiation. The results indicate that the films deposited
on PS irradiated to a dose of 20 and 25 kGy gives rise to smaller clusters with smaller inter-cluster separation, better suited
for sensor applications. The induced polymer-metal interaction is attributed to the creation of free radicals due to the 8 MeV
electron irradiation. 相似文献
87.
88.
P.P. Vaidya K.R. Gopalakrishnan V.A. Pethe T. Anjaneyulu 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》1986,250(3):543-549
The paper describes a new method for reducing the DNL associated with nuclear ADCs. The method named the “interpolation technique” is utilized to derive the quantisation steps corresponding to the last n bits of the digital code by dividing quantisation steps due to higher significant bits of the DAC, using a chain of resistors. Using comparators, these quantisation steps are compared with the analog voltage to be digitized, which is applied as a voltage shift at both ends of this chain. The output states of the comparators define the n bit code. The errors due to offset voltages and bias currents of the comparators are statistically neutralized by changing the polarity of quantisation steps as well as the polarity of analog voltage corresponding to last n bits) for alternate A/D conversion. The effect of averaging on the channel profile can be minimized. A 12 bit ADC was constructured using this technique which gives DNL of less than ±1% over most of the channels for conversion time of nearly 4.5 μs. Gatti's sliding scale technique can be implemented for further reduction of DNL. The interpolation technique has a promising potential of improving the resolution of existing 12 bit ADCs to 16 bit, without degrading the percentage DNL significantly. 相似文献
89.
A preparation procedure is described for producing specimen supports of evaporated germanium. The germanium film is used as a replacement for films of carbon and silicon when microanalytical techniques like energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) or electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are focusing on particulates containing these elements. The supports can be produced with high reproducibility within a thickness range of 15 to 30 nm and of a quality suitable also for high resolution transmission electron microscopy. 相似文献
90.
In current digital watermarking schemes used to deter piracy of multimedia content, the owner typically reveals the watermark in the process of establishing piracy. Once revealed, a watermark can be removed. We eliminate this limitation by using cryptographic protocols to demonstrate the presence of a watermark without revealing it 相似文献