Understandings of occupational health and safety risk control in small business construction firms: barriers to implementing technological controls

The construction industry poses a particular challenge for the making of occupational health and safety (OHS) risk control decisions which are equitable to all parties involved in the construction process. Typically, small business construction firms are engaged as subcontractors in the construction industry and are located at the lower end of the inter-organizational hierarchy in a construction project. As such, their ability to exert an influence on decision-making in the construction process is limited, despite their employees' day to day exposure to OHS risks. A qualitative study of understandings of OHS risk control was conducted among a sample of small businesses engaged in the Australian construction industry. Two OHS risks relevant to the construction industry were selected for study. One risk (falls from height) represented an immediate consequence while the other (occupational skin disease) represented a long-term health effect. Understandings of control for these OHS risks were explored during in-depth interviews. The results suggest that, at the small business end of the industry, there is a fatalistic resignation to OHS risks being an unavoidable part of the job. This leads to an emphasis on individual rather than technological controls for OHS risk. The implication of these findings for the effective management of OHS risk is discussed.     

Monitoring tea fermentation/manufacturing by direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry

Factors such as fermentation methods, geographical origin and season can affect the biochemical composition of tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.). In this study, the biochemical composition of oolong tea during the manufacturing and fermentation process was studied using a non-targeted method utilising ambient ionisation with a direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source and mass spectrometry (MS). Caffeine dominated the positive ionisation spectra throughout the manufacturing process, while the negative ion spectra collected during manufacturing were rich in ions likely to be surface lipids. Correlation analyses on the spectra revealed two volatile compounds tentatively identified as indole and geranic acid, along with ammonium and caffeine clusters/adducts with geranic acid that increased in concentration during the fermentation stages of the process. The tentative identifications were assigned using a combination of DART-ion-trap MSⁿ and DART-accurate mass MS¹ and MS² on tea samples and standard compounds. This study highlights the potential of DART-MS to rapidly monitor the progress of complex manufacturing processes such as tea fermentation.     

How Portable is Planning Education?

Australia is to open eight permanent education centres in Pacific Rim countries to market higher education courses. Since the federal government pushed universities and colleges to market their courses, the number of fee-paying overseas students enrolled in Australia has risen by sixty-six per cent in 1988 to about 20,000 students. These students pay about $120 million to the colleges and earn another $230 million in indirect earnings to Australia (Age newspaper, November 1988).     

Hybrid metaheuristic techniques for optimising sugarcane rail operations

Mixed integer programming and parallel-machine job shop scheduling are used to solve the sugarcane rail transport scheduling problem. Constructive heuristics and metaheuristics were developed to produce a more efficient scheduling system and so reduce operating costs. The solutions were tested on small and large size problems. High-quality solutions and improved CPU time are the result of developing new hybrid techniques which consist of different ways of integrating simulated annealing and Tabu search techniques.     

Microbial lipid production as biodiesel feedstock from N‐acetylglucosamine by oleaginous microorganisms

BACKGROUND: The byproducts from shrimp processing are heads and shells which contain a wealth of carbon and could be converted into oils via oleaginous microorganisms. The objective of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of using oleaginous microorganisms to convert N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), the major carbohydrate of the hydrolysate of shrimp processing waste, to triacylglycerols as a biodiesel feedstock. RESULTS: Screening experiments were conducted among Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodococcus opacus and Cryptococcus curvatus using GlcNAc as sole carbon and energy source at 30 °C. All three microorganisms were found to grow well on GlcNAc, but the lipid contents in the cells were consistently low (lower than 5%) in the growth phase. However, lipid accumulation by C. curvatus was greatly enhanced upon entering the death phase in the absence of GlcNAc and the lipid content increased to 28.4% at 167.7 h. This indicated that C. curvatus was the optimal tested microorganism for the production of microbial oils from GlcNAc. Phosphate was further evaluated on the growth and lipid production by C. curvatus from GlcNAc. Results indicated that the yields of both biomass during growth phase and lipids at death phase increased with the increase of the ratio of C to P. But the fatty acid profiles of the accumulated lipids did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Results indicated that shrimp processing waste could be utilized to produce oils as a biodiesel feedstock. The results could be applied to maximize production of oils from shrimp processing waste. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

The horizontal-axis solar furnace at the Central Receiver Test Facility

A new horizontal-axis solar furnace is being used for: calibrating sensors for high solar flux-densities; evaluating high temperature materials and coatings; solar chemistry research; and determining thermophysical properties of materials and surfaces. The furnace uses a 50 m² flat heliostat and a 6.7 m diameter parabolic concentrator to produce a 130 mm diameter beam. The peak concentration is over 4000 and could generate temperatures over 2800 K. The total power is over 16 k W.